Research and Theory Behind the Sociology of Education

The sociology of education is a diverse and vibrant subfield that features theory and research focused on how education as a social institution is affected by and affects other social institutions and the social structure overall, and how various social forces shape the policies, practices, and outcomes of schooling. While education is typically viewed in most societies as a pathway to personal development, success, and social mobility, and as a cornerstone of democracy, sociologists who study education take a critical view of these assumptions to study how the institution actually operates within society. They consider what other social functions education might have, like for example socialization into gender and class roles, and what other social outcomes contemporary educational institutions might produce, like reproducing class and racial hierarchies, among others. Theoretical Approaches within the Sociology of Education Classical French sociologist Émile Durkheim was one of the first sociologists to consider the social function of education. He believed that moral education was necessary for society to exist  because it provided the basis for the social solidarity that held society together. By writing about education in this way, Durkheim established the functionalist perspective on education. This perspective champions the work of socialization that takes place within the educational institution, including the teaching of society’s culture, including moral values, ethics, politics, religious beliefs, habits, and norms. According to this view, the socializing function of education also serves to promote social control  and to curb  deviant behavior. The symbolic interaction  approach to studying education focuses on interactions during the schooling process and the outcomes of those interactions. For instance, interactions between students and teachers, and social forces that shape those interactions like race, class, and gender, create expectations on both parts. Teachers expect certain behaviors from certain students, and those expectations, when communicated to students through interaction, can actually produce those very behaviors. This is called the â€Å"teacher expectancy effect.† For example, if a white teacher expects a black student to perform below average on a math test when compared to white students, over time the teacher may act in ways that encourage black students  to underperform. Stemming from Marxs theory of the relationship between workers and capitalism, the conflict theory approach to education examines the way educational institutions and the hierarchy of degree levels contribute to the reproduction of hierarchies and inequalities in society. This approach recognizes that schooling reflects  class, racial, and gender stratification, and tends to reproduce it. For example, sociologists have documented in many different settings how tracking of students based on class, race, and gender effectively sorts students into classes of laborers and managers/entrepreneurs, which reproduces the already existing class structure rather than producing social mobility. Sociologists who work from this perspective also assert that educational institutions and school curricula are products of the dominant worldviews, beliefs, and values of the majority, which typically produces educational experiences that marginalize and disadvantage those in the minority in terms of race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability, among other things. By operating in this fashion, the educational institution is involved in the  work of reproducing power, domination, oppression, and inequality within society.  It is for this reason that there have long been campaigns across the U.S. to include ethnic studies courses in middle schools and high schools, in order to balance a curriculum otherwise structured by a white, colonialist worldview. In fact, sociologists have found that providing ethnic studies courses to students of color who are on the brink of failing out or dropping out of high school effectively re-engages and inspires them, raises their overall grade point average and improves their academic performance overall. Notable Sociological Studies of Education Learning to Labour, 1977, by Paul Willis. An ethnographic study set in England focused on the reproduction of the working class within the school system.Preparing for Power: Americas Elite Boarding Schools, 1987, by Cookson and Persell. An ethnographic study set at elite boarding schools in the U.S. focused on the reproduction of the social and economic elite.Women Without Class: Girls, Race, and Identity, 2003, by Julie Bettie. An ethnographic study of how gender, race, and class intersect within the schooling experience to leave some without the cultural capital necessary for social mobility within society.Academic Profiling:  Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Achievement Gap, 2013, by Gilda Ochoa. An ethnographic study within a California high school of how race, class, and gender intersect to produce the achievement gap between Latinos and Asian Americans.

Essay on Payday Lending - 1785 Words

Would you pay 390% for a $400 loan? Most people would say no. Many, however, are saying yes. In the industry of payday loans or cash advances this is just the case. A payday advance or cash advance works like this. A borrower has a need arise, whether from bills or Christmas shopping, and they need a small amount of money. Now, their payday has just past and their credit it less then perfect. They do not have a savings account, and due to their credit they do not have a credit card either. So they stop in to a payday lender. The borrower writes a check for $460, and they get $400 in cash. The $60 is the fee for the loan. The lender gives the loan for 14 days, which is until their next payday. In 14 days the borrower has a couple of†¦show more content†¦A person could go the credit union and get a signature loan for just under 13%. Yet, payday lending is still one of the fastest growing businesses. May people believe that is because they prey on the financially uneducated . A good deal of borrowers is those on fixed income or in the lower income bracket. Their credit worthiness is not go, and they may not have any savings accounts. In fact some may have no financial assets whatsoever. The borrowers are apart of a segment of society that the Center for Responsible Lending have dubbed â€Å"unbanked,† According to Payday Lending:Serving the Unbanked by Mike Foley. This segment is primary comprise of the poor. So, when many of these loans are taken out the borrowers can not afford them in the first place. The borrowers only see the small fee for the loan and the fact the company just holds the check, so they see not risk in taking the loan. Most borrowers do not thing about interest rate or just do not care. They have their wants or needs and that is all they can see at the time. The lenders do not really care if the borrower can pay the loan back. Most of these payday stores are open near or in poor communities. Julian Bond, chairman of the Board of the NAACP said, â€Å"visits to day lending stores-which open their doors in low-income communities at a rate equal to Starbucks in affluent ones-are threatening the livelihoods of hard working families and stripping equity form entire communities (Foley). ManyShow MoreRelatedPayday Lending Should Not Be Banned1113 Words   |  5 PagesPhillips WR 121 Does Payday Lending Need to Be Banned? Many financially unstable Americans use payday loans as a means of escape from bills they cannot afford when their low paying jobs do not provide enough for them to live on. In the article â€Å"Many states have cracked down on payday loans. Here’s how lenders still get away with it.† by Jeff Guo, of The Washington Post, payday lenders are criticized as being â€Å"a slippery bunch† but should all payday lending be completely outlawed? Payday loans, sometimesRead MorePayday Lending : Unique Opportunities Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesPayday Lending: Unique Opportunities to Both Sides Nowadays it s very easy to come across some sort of payday loan advertisement. Whether you re watching television, reading an online article, listening to the radio, or driving to the grocery store – payday loans are everywhere. They offer fast money for those times when you need it most and often don t check your credit history. However, they do have high interest rates which means you may end up paying more than you initially borrowed. It sRead MoreShould Online Payday Lending Be Regulated?819 Words   |  4 PagesShould Online Payday Lending Be More Closely Regulated? Should Online Payday Lending Be More Closely Regulated? Payday loans generate lots of controversy because they re offered to people who have bad credit or limited credit histories, which makes them high-risk borrowers. Traditional lenders seldom approve loans for these types of borrowers and never quickly enough when a cash emergency occurs. Unfortunately, many of these same people don t use payday loans as intended -- as short-term emergencyRead MorePayday Lending Is A Convenient, Instant, And Short Term Option Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesinstances, payday lending can be a convenient, instant, and short-term option one may want to consider. The speed, ease, and convenience associated with payday lending enables an individual to get out of trouble quick, which has resulted in payday lending consistently growing in popularity over the last couple of decades. Since the early to mid 1990s, the payday lending industry has continuously grown in popularity as well as quantity. In fact, there are currently more than 20,000 payday lenders inR ead MorePayday Loans : Are They As Bad894 Words   |  4 PagesPayday Loans - Are They as Bad as Some Make Them Out to Be? Payday Loans - Are They as Bad as Some Make Them Out to Be? Payday loans fulfill real-world needs for families that can t cover emergency expenses from their savings. Even people with stellar credit can t always negotiate loans quickly enough when a financial emergency arises. The premise is simple: Short-term loans are available, even for people with low credit scores, and people can get money into their accounts faster than trying toRead MoreEssay On Installment Loans1276 Words   |  6 Pagesfall into debt traps according to report posted at (-- removed HTML --) qz.com (-- removed HTML --) . The report examined a report by Joseph Williams who praised the lifeline that payday loans offered while deploring the lump-sum repayment difficulties that can affect even well-educated and high-salaried borrowers. Payday loan interest rates are high for these short-term loans that only earn interest for about two weeks. People who can’t afford to repay the entire loan balance, fees and interest fromRead MorePayday Loan Bans : What Happens Whe n They Are Made Into Law916 Words   |  4 PagesPayday Loan Bans - What Happens When They Are Made into Law Payday Loan Bans - What Happens When They Are Made into Law What will really happen if payday loans are banned? The consequences could prove wide-ranging and affect multiple stakeholders in the world s increasingly fragile economy. An article posted on the WashingtonPost.com conjectured that the United States would become a wonderful garden without all the tacky neon signs for payday loans that are common in most reas of the country. TheRead MorePayday Loans Should Not Be Legal1705 Words   |  7 Pagesassuming all of the risk, and they need to charge enough to cover any potential losses if the loan defaults. Payday loans are also much quicker and easier to get than other types of credit, and the large number of payday lending outlets accompanied with typical long business hours (especially compared to banks and credit unions) only add to the borrower’s convenience. Consumers can even obtain a payday loan from the comfort of their homes simply by applying over the internet. In order to do so, all oneRead MorePayday Loans: Playing Fami lies Like an Instrument Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesturn is payday lending, which may sound like a good idea up front, but in the long run can sink you deeper than you were before. What is a Payday Loan? At its simplest, a payday loan is simply a small, short-term loan meant to cover the borrower’s expenses until their next payday. They have many different names: paycheck advance, payday advance, and cash advances are the most popular when referring to payday loans, but the basic concept is the same. The borrower visits the payday lending storeRead MoreInstallment Loans : Let The States Decide Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesnonbank loans, shorter term lending and Internet-based loans, installment loans work differently than most payday and short-term loans such as auto title loans. These loans allow consumers -- and a significant number of small businesses -- to borrow amounts that range from $200 up to $5,000 and repay them in equal installments over a longer repayment period, which is often six months. Many lending companies that are experiencing stricter regulations of short-term, payday-type loans are offering installment

The Ho-Chunk Nation Free Essays

Ho-Chunk Nation The Ho-Chunk Nation’s culture and beliefs have sustained them for centuries which make their tribe one of the strongest Native American Tribes in the United States today. Their tribe is made up of 7,071 members, due to the devotion of the tribe elders passing along traditions to the younger generations. Today, the Ho-Chunk Nation is a non-reservation tribe with 3,407 acres of trust land and 5,310 acres of taxable land. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ho-Chunk Nation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Tribe had to repurchase this land that they once owned from the U. S. Government. The Ho-Chunk Native Trust Lands are located in: Adams, Clark, Crawford, Dane, Eau Claire, Jackson, Juneau, La Crosse, Marathon, Monroe, Sauk, Shawano, Vernon and Wood Counties in Wisconsin and also in the State of Illinois. There are also large numbers of tribal members that live in Minneapolis, Madison, Milwaukee, and Chicago. In 1836, the Ho Chunk was removed from the choice land of southern Wisconsin to make room for the miners that were taking over the land. The area was also in demand for the lush farmland of the various river valleys. This land was taken from the Ho Chunk for nickels and dimes, and the people were forcibly removed on to Indian reservations in northeastern Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota and Nebraska. Ho-Chunk elders recall terrifying scenes of tribal members being rounded up at gunpoint and loaded into boxcars against their will. They were shipped to reservations far from the place they called home. Eventually, many Ho-Chunk refused to live on the poor reservations and returned to their homeland in Wisconsin. The native people with an ancestral lineage dating back to pre-history were first known as the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe. This name was given to them by early European explorers. In 1994, when the tribe adopted its present constitution, the Nation reclaimed their original name: Ho-Chunk or â€Å"People of the Big Voice. † The Ho-Chunk were avid hunters, gatherers and farmers. They created and became known for their raised garden beds where they grew specialized plants for food. The men hunted while the women gathered. The food consisted of corn, squash, green plants, roots, berries, making maple syrup and maple candy, venison, fresh fish, and small game. After harvest, the food storage process consisted of drying foods naturally for the long winters. As Caretakers of the land, they moved as the food source did, and during seasons providing the plant life abundant to this region. Villages moved to conserve the area’s resources. Their history of living off the land helped the Ho-Chunk develop a unique relationship with Wisconsin’s terrain. Women tanned hides, wove mats from the strong grasses near the waters’ edge, made clothing, and taught their daughters. The grandmothers and grandfathers played an important part in the instruction and rearing of children. The Dagas, or Uncles, were the disciplinarians within a family unit. There was no need for a mother or father to raise their voices, for the practice was to train the children to have such respect for a Daga. The children lived in fear of punishment from their Daga that they were well-mannered and productive children. The Ho-Chunk government provides many services to their tribe. The housing program helps with home ownership and property management. The education program has four primary school districts in Tomah, Black River Falls, Baraboo, and Wisconsin Dells. The labor program which is a certification of Indian preference for contracting and subcontracting; safety, and they provide supportive services; which helps youth employment. Health services which provide Food Distribution Program, Community Health Representatives, Community Health Nurses, At-Large Health Care, Alcohol/Drug Program, Environmental Health, Benefit Coordinators, Special Diabetes Programs for Indians and a Mental Health Program. They Also provide services for veterans and social services. Bibliography 1. Wisconsin State Tribal Relations Initiative, Ho-Chunk Nation http://witribes. wi. gov/docview. asp? docid=5638locid=57 2. Ho-Chunk Nation http://www. ho-chunknation. com/UserFiles/File/OOP/04HCN_mediakit_rtpages_ACT. pdf 3. http://www. mpm. edu/wirp/icw-52. html 4. http://www. wisconsinhistory. org/whspress/pdf/247. pdf How to cite The Ho-Chunk Nation, Papers

Like the majority of the American population I hav Essay Example For Students

Like the majority of the American population I hav Essay HIVe lived in a cloud ofignorance about the HIV and AIDS crisis. I have never know anyone close to methat has been infected with either of the two viruses. So when the option toresearch something to do with sexuality arouse I felt this would definitelyfurther my education about a lethal killer that is roaming this earth. Since Iknew next to nothing about this topic I will start from the begging of thedisease and discuss where its at now. The HIV and AIDS disease has been around for awhile although no one hasbeen able to pin point its origin. There are many theories floating around themedical world but the most predominant theory is that the virus first attackedhumans in Central Africa up to 100 years ago.(Kelly 524). It is said that thevirus stayed mainly in this closed society until many years later. Many say thedisease spread when international travel began to increase. The HIV and AIDSviruses were believed to arrive in the United States sometime during thenineteen seventies. It was a common disease between gay males and intravenousdrug abusers. Now it is well known that the viruses have been transmittedthrough sexually, occasionally through blood and organ transplants. The acronym HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, where as theacronym AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. When someone hascontracted the HIV virus in almost all cases it produces the AIDS virus. Apparently there has been a controversy that HIV really isnt the cause of theAIDS virus, but careful research has proved without a doubt that it is the cause. Socially the production of the viruses has caused a lot of hate, prejudice,racism and above all homophobia. Many people only talk about the late stages of AIDS but HIV does notalways produce the AIDS virus. If the HIV virus is caught in the early stagesit is possible to get treatment and delay the effects of the AIDS virus. Whenan individual contracts HIV they can expect a fever, swollen glands, andsometimes a rash. As the bodies system tends toward these symptoms the HIVvirus may still be undetectable. This first stage is called primary HIV diseasethen moves onto chronic asymptomatic disease. With this stage comes a declinein the immune cells and often swollen lymph nodes. As time moves on thedepletion of immune cells increases leaving the body open to opportunisticinfection. This is where normal sickness, disease, and other things in theenvironment are now able to attack the bodies system. This stage is called thechronic symptomatic disease. A very noticeable symptom is a thrush, which is ayeast infection of the mouth(Kelly 532). Also at this stage there can beinfections of the skin and also feelings of fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, etc. The actual period of the HIV virus really varies from person to person. Normally with in a year or two the serve stages of HIV set in. At this point inthe victims life it is said they have progressed into the AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS). This status is established when one or more ofdiseases have accumulated in the effected victims system. Many victims oftenhave lesions appear on their skin or they begin to acquire a pneumocysticpneumonia. The final stage of the virus attacks the nervous system, damagingthe brain and the spinal cord.(Kelly 532). This can lead to a number ofproblems in the body: blindness, depression, loss of body control, loss ofmemory. This can often last for months before the victim finally passes away. Homelessness In Our Nation EssayThere is still no really strong evidence that HIV has been transmittedthrough oral sex. Although there has been documented cases in which it has beentransmitted from a males semen through oral sex. There is far less evidence ofmales or females contracting the virus through oral sex performed on a female. It has been said that the virus can not be transmitted trough kissing butexperts can not rule out this possibility. Some have said that prolongedFrench kissing, open mouth with the switching of saliva, could possiblytransmit the virus. There has been no evidence that casual contact has or everwill transmit the disease. This is were many social problems come into effect. Many be tend to isolate people that they know have contracted the virus becausethey are ignorant to how the disease is transmitted. About 5 percent of individuals infected with HIV have remainedasymptomatic even without any antiviral treatment.(Kelly535). Its not knownwhat causes this very rare occurrence but many doctors are still researching whyit happens. Can the body reject the HIV and AIDS virus, unfortunately until nowthe answer remains no for most. The virus defeats the immune system leaving thevulnerable to other diseases. Those victims that already have a more defeatedimmune system and then contract HIV will be more likely to acquire AIDS at amuch faster rate than normal. Although someone is infected with HIV this doesnot necessarily mean they are sentenced to die. Few people that have beendiagnosed seemed to have rid themselves of the deadly virus. Most people tendto make a drastic change in their lifestyle. A change in eating habits,vitamins, exercises, and work habits. Some of these victims often live for manyyears after they are diagnosed. Testing for the HIV and AIDS virus is a process that has become aregular occurrence in most peoples lives. When the virus enters the body itreacts by producing antibodies. Unfortunately these antibodys can goundetected for sometime leaving people with the false hope that they are HIVnegative. In most people it has been estimated that these antibodys appearwith in six months or longer. This is why the medical profession suggestsregular HIV testing on a six month interval. There are two tests mainly used to detect the HIV and AIDS virus. TheELISA and the Western blot. ELISA stands for, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,it is an inexpensive test but often gives false positive diagnoses. When apositive result returns its often followed by the Western blot. This is a muchmore expensive and lengthy test that has to be interpreted by trainedprofessionals. The major problem with HIV testing is that it often developsvery slowly in the human body, staying virtually undetected for a long time. This is why so many people can be not carrying the disease without even knowingit. There are three possible outcome with the testing technology that isavailable now. First, positive conformation that HIV antibodies are presentthrough out the body. Second, positive conformation that the HIV antibodies arenot present through out the body. Third, the uncertain result that HIVantibodies are present in the body. Category: Science

Soccer In Radge Essays - RCD Espanyol, Ral Tamudo, Sarri Stadium

Soccer In Radge Espanyol capped its centenary celebrations by winning the Spanish Cup with a 2-1 victory over Atletico Madrid on Saturday. One of the cheekiest goals seen in Spain all season gave the Barcelona club an ideal start after just two minutes. Atletico goalkeeper Toni Jimenez -- who moved to the club from Espanyol last summer -- saved a shot by Toni Velamazan and was bouncing the ball in front of him, ready to boot it upfield. But then Raul Tamudo nipped in unseen, headed the ball away from Jimenez and beat his former team mate in a sprint across the face of the goal, turning the ball in from an narrow angle out on the left. Sergio Gonzalez hit Espanyol's second goal five minutes from time to ensure the club won its first honor for 60 years Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink pulled one back for Atletico a minute into injury time, and Espanyol endured an anxious couple of minutes as the clocked ticked away, but it was too little too late. Espanyol ecstasy For Espanyol supporters, it brought a huge smile to their faces after a decade of despair. They were relegated twice during the 1990s and even had to sell their ground -- the historic Sarria stadium -- in 1997 to solve a cash crisis. However Espanyol's veteran defender Nando Munoz put the emotions of all those involved with the club into words. "This might be the greatest day in the history of Espanyol. This is for all those fans and everyone else who can remember the bad times -- all those dire moments," Nando said. Nando had recovered enough breath to speak to Spanish to reporters because he had been given his marching orders 13 minutes from time after picking up two yellow cards in quick succession while Espanyol fought to contain a second half Atletico comeback. Atletico attack The first half belonged to Espanyol, with Tamudo and Velamazan causing plenty of problems for the Atletico defenders and Moises Arteaga slicing through the middle, but the second period saw Atletico strive for an equalizer. Hasselbaink was a constant threat, although Espanyol defenders did a good job of soaking up the pressure, and his closest efforts came from edge-of-the-area free kicks. After Nando left the field, Espanyol looked briefly in trouble, but both teams ended the match with 10 men after former Spanish international defender Santi Denia lost control completely seven minutes from time. Denia scythed down Manuel Serrano from the rear and then headbutted Toni Velamazan. Sergio's clincher came two minutes later. Tears He controlled a long, speculative, ball forward with his head and then blasted the half-volley past the hapless Jimenez, who left the field inconsolable. "Football just isn't fair," Jimenez wailed, with tears streaming down his face. Jimenez was not the only Atletico player to leave the field with moist eyes. The cup final defeat, their second in successive years after losing 3-0 to Valencia last year, brought an end to one of the worst season's in club history. Atletico was relegated and will spend next season in the Spanish second division for the first time since 1934. A damaging government investigation into the club finances also left the club badly demoralized on and off the field. The cup final is likely to be the last match that many players, including Hasselbaink, have in an Atletico jersey, with a massive exodus anticipated.

Difference Between Public, Charter and Private Schools

Difference Between Public, Charter and Private Schools Public, private, and charter schools all share the same mission of educating children and young adults. But theyre different in some fundamental ways. For parents, choosing the right kind of school to send their children to can be a daunting task. Public Schools The vast majority of school-aged children in the U.S. receive their education in Amercas public schools. The first public school in the U.S., Boston Latin School, was founded in 1635, and most of the colonies in New England established what was called common schools in the following decades. However, many of these early public  institutions limited enrollment to male children of white families; girls and people of color generally were barred. By the time of the American Revolution, rudimentary public schools  had been established in  most states, although it wasnt until the 1870s that every state in the union had such institutions. Indeed, not until 1918 did all states require children to complete elementary school.  Today, public schools provide education for students from kindergarten through 12th grade, and many districts also offer pre-kindergarten classes as well. Although K-12 education is mandatory for all children in the U.S., the age of attendance varies from state to state.   Modern public schools are funded with revenue from federal, state, and local governments. In general, state governments provide the most funding, up to half of a districts funding with revenue usually coming from income and property taxes. Local governments  also provide a large portion of school funding, usually also based on property tax revenue. The federal government makes up the difference, usually about 10 percent of total funding. Public schools must accept all students that reside within the school district, although enrollment numbers, test scores, and a students special needs (if any) may influence which school a student attends. State and local law dictate class size, testing standards, and curriculum. Charter Schools Charter schools are institutions that are publically funded but privately managed. They receive public money based on enrollment figures. Roughly 6 percent of U.S. kids in grades K-12 are enrolled in a charter school. Like public schools, students do not have to pay tuition in order to attend.  Minnesota became the first state to legalize them in 1991. Charter schools are so named because they are founded based on a set of governing principles, called a charter, written by parents, teachers, administrators, and sponsoring organizations. These sponsoring organizations may be private  companies, nonprofits, educational institutions, or individuals. These charters typically outline the schools educational philosophy and establish baseline criteria for measuring student and teacher success.   Each state handles charter school accreditation differently, but these institutions typically must have their charter approved by a state, county, or municipal authority in order to open. If the school fails to meet these standards, the charter may be revoked and the institution closed. Private Schools Private schools, as the name implies, are not funded with public tax dollars. Instead, they are funded primarily through tuition, as well as private donors and sometimes grant money. About 10 percent of the nations children are enrolled in K-12 private schools. Students who attend must either pay tuition or receive financial aid in order to attend. The cost of attending a private school varies from state to state and may range from about $4,000 per year to $25,000 or more, depending on the institution. The vast majority of private schools in the U.S. have affiliations with religious organizations, with the Catholic Church operating more than 40 percent of such institutions. Nonsectarian schools account for about 20 percent of all private schools, while other religious denominations operate the remainder. Unlike public or charter schools, private schools are not required to admit all applicants, nor are they required to observe some federal requirements such as the Americans with Disabilities Act unless they receive federal dollars. Private schools may also require compulsory religious education, unlike public institutions.

Wk9 (22) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk9 (22) - Essay Example Lois has probably been raised with the idea of marianismo which would mean that she was taught to obey her husband, listen to his rules, be obedient and timid (Paniagua, p. 6). The strength of this approach would be that the therapist could help Lois understand the behaviors that she is exhibiting that trigger issues with her husband. If the husband will come to therapy, the therapist can also help him develop a different way of working with Lois and her mother. Using a Genogram may help her understand each persons place within the family. Another strength is that she has come to understand her own behavior so she may be motivated to work through this process. It would also probably work best if it is a brief therapy rather than something that lasts a long time. Limitations of this therapy may be that it concentrates on behavior rather than on getting to the bottom of what is going on within the family. It may be a good idea to combine it with other models. The attitude of her husban d may cause the therapy to be a weakness because to help this couple, both adults will have to work together. Another limitation is that family therapy does not look at the individual and how they are functioning within the unit (Corey, 2009, p. 440). Couples and family therapy focuses on the family and how they are functioning together. The main objective is to focus on the observable behavior within the family unit (Corey, 2001, p. 247). Families are able to train themselves to monitor reinforcements that come about because of the change in behavior that they create. It also suggests that members of a family actually influence each other by their behavior. Corey suggests that when one family member is acting out in some way, it creates a cognitive, behavioral or emotional reaction in the other members of the family (Corey, 2001, p. 248). When using cognitive behavior therapy in this

Equity Research Report on Whitbread plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Equity Research Report on Whitbread plc - Essay Example The ratio analysis highlights the fact that the liquidity position of Compass Group Plc is better than that of Whitbread Plc. However, it is deduced that the profitability condition of Whitbread Plc is better than the former. From the ratio analysis and equity valuation method, it can be concluded that Whitbread Plc is a profitable company for the investors since it has increased its net income over the four years period from 2010-2013. It is recommended that Whitbread Plc should increase its asset base by improve the cash and equivalent by decreasing its operating expense. The increase in asset base will assist the company to become one of the strongest players in the industry. Whitbread Plc  is a  coffee shop,  multinational  hotel and restaurant company, which are headquartered in  Dunstable, United Kingdom (UK). It is regarded as the largest division in  Premier Inn. Premier is known to be the largest hotel brand in UK, which encompasses about 650 hotels comprising over 50,000 rooms (Whitbread Plc., 2011). It is as the leading hospitality company in UK. The company employs around 43,000 individuals who devote their hard work for its success (Whitbread Plc., 2011). They are motivated to provide their best services to customers every day. The number of customers visiting their coffee shop, hotels and restaurants is 22 million every month (Whitbread Plc., 2011). The financial statement of Whitbread Plc highlights transactions that have taken place throughout the year. It not only depicts profit or loss of company, but also gives opinion to investors about condition of the company financials. The framework for financial reporting that is applied during preparation of financial statement is International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS), which is adopted by the European Union. The report is prepared for management of the company and also for investors. The managers have given their views regarding performance of the

Common Law Rape and Modern Statutes Describing Sexual Assault Essay

Common Law Rape and Modern Statutes Describing Sexual Assault - Essay Example The paper tells that according to common law, rape is a crime and the rapist must be duly punished for the attempt to forcefully have sexual intercourse with a helpless victim. Common law states that rape cannot be committed by husbands and wife as it is believed that a man cannot in any way rape his own wife. This is actually the disparity that exists between common law and modern statutes with regards to sexual assault. Modern statutes stipulate that a man that forces his wife to have sexual intercourse with him is guilty of rape and should be convicted like any other rapist. Common law treated the wives as the property of their husbands and even if the man uses force to have sex with her, he is not in any way guilty of raping her. The modern law stipulates that a man must seek the consent of his wife before sexually penetrating her as the use of force by the man is a case of rape and the man must be duly punished. Thus, common law stipulates that a case of rape cannot exist betwee n husband and wife, while modern statutes stipulates that a man can force his unwilling wife to have sex with him and in this case, the man has committed the offence of rape and must be punished according to the punishment that is given to rapists. To say that rape statute is â€Å"not gender specific† simply means that rape can be committed by both males and females. It was generally believed that it was only the males that committed rape, while the females were the victims of rape.

A Review Of Pixar Animation Studios Commerce Essay

A Review Of Pixar Animation Studios Commerce Essay Pixar(2010) Pixar is an American animation production company based in California, United States. The company was started in the year 1979 as the part of the computer division of Lucasfilm and was bought by The Walt Disney Company in the year 2006. The company during its 17 years of existence has delivered several movies that has redefined the world of visual technology and animation. Pixar is known for its some of the basic values that form the foundation of its unbeatable success. People at Pixar are extremely talented and there exists an open collaboration among people coming from multiple disciplines. However, a formal structure is followed at the company where it is necessary for every member to ensure enhancement of three inter-related facets of the business, namely, leadership, process and accountability. Leadership is taken very seriously at Pixar and it is ensured that leaders are able to tune their communications, and value the vision of the organization and come up with the ability to provide lots of ideas (Jeremy, 2010) Managers as well as workers of the enterprise have the freedom of expression so that their vision and ideas can be communicated freely that helps the organization to come up with innovative ideas ensuring a sustainable position in the market (Morris, Jeremy, 2010). Another important element of Pixars environment refers to its collaborative approach towards work. It is fine to have talented people hired in the company, but it is equally important to make these people work in a motivated manner towards achievement of organizational goals (Milter and Matveev, 2004). At Pixar, everyone is made to understand that his/her success lies in the success of all other members. This helps in moving in a collaborative manner to ensure that everyone working in the company succee ds. The team spirit at Pixar helps in development o fold hires and new hands in a similar fashion with a healthy respect for each other resulting in an environment of credibility and trust prevailing throughout the organization. Apart, from these two elements, accountability forms the foundation of the working environment at Pixar. Leaders and managers at Pixar follow a clear line of accountability that helps them in seeking ways to improve themselves. Every project is headed by a Director/Producer duo, to whom all members of the project are accountable. These directors and producers are in turn accountable to leaders of the company and have the opportunity to utilize the experience and knowledge of senior filmmakers who are the part of top management of the company. In short, Pixar follows a highly structured process aims at fostering a meaningful collaboration resulting in a culture that comprise of value for ability and contribution of others. Cultural Analysis Before going for a discussion on cultural analysis, we need to understand the meaning of culture in a proper manner. Various scholars and academicians have given several definitions for culture. Formally, culture has been defined as a pattern of shared beliefs that were developed by a group during the process of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Martin (2002) explained that everyone knows about the groups, organizations, and societies in which certain beliefs and values prevail at cross purposes with the beliefs of others, resulting in a condition where conflicts and ambiguity prevails in a high degree. This is often the result of insufficient stability prevailing among members, insufficient shared history of experience, or the presence of several subgroups with difference in their personal experience s (Thorngate, 2004). Many a times conflicts and ambiguity also results because of the fact that an individual is not a part of a single groups but belongs to several different groups and this has an impact on the assumptions and beliefs that one brings to a particular group and is influences by the assumptions that re appropriate to some other groups to which an individual belong. Khan (2005) argued that it is necessary that people are matched with the organization in order to ensure success of the company. There is a set of collective rules through which a company operates, which is termed as the culture of the organization. (Conolly, 2008) explained that employees of the enterprise should be well aware of their workplace that will clearly define appropriate and inappropriate behavior. In the present paper, an analysis of cross-cultural issues arising out of the merger of The Walt Disney and Pixar will be undertaken. It makes it necessary to understand the meaning of cross-cultural analysis. Under a cross-cultural analysis, an investigation is made into the ways through which people coming from different backgrounds communicate with each other. Whenever any merger takes place there is an amalgamation of the culture of the two organizations participating in the merger (Stening, 2002). Here several cross-cultural issues may arise because of the interaction of people coming from two different groups with different background, beliefs, values and functions. Cross-cultural analysis thrives to harness the utilitarian function of culture in order to use it as a mode of increasing the adaptation of people and bringing an improvement in patterns of communication (Nigel, 2001). It is one of the discipline of international management that focus on cultural encounters, aiming at discovery of methods that can be adopted to handle cultural differences that often give rise to conflicts, ambiguity and miscommunication. There are several different models that can be used to conduct a cross-cultural analysis. Various models includes those suggested by Hawkins (1992), Terpstra and Sarathy (2000), Hofstede (1994), and Wills (1991). The framework suggested by Hawkins and Terpstra are similar in nature and explains some of the common elements such as values, education and learning, social status and organization. Hawkins has tried to approach culture from the perspective of a consumer lifestyle, while Terpstra approaches culture in somewhat wider contexts. Thus, it is much more easy to use the model suggested by Terpstra and Sarathy. In addition, Hofstedes model will be used to understand the various dimensions of culture that are based upon individualism, power distance, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance. Wills (1991) considered learning as the key element of their model of culture. This will explain the basic idea of culture at Pixar as after the merger with The Walt Disney, the major aim of the co mpany was to establish Pixar as a learning organization. The dimensions of learning are used to consider a model of cross-cultural analysis suggesting a relationship between high/low context of a culture and the rate at which new products are adapted. In addition, it is to be noted that culture and leadership are interconnected. These are viewed as the two sides of the same coin, in that leaders first create cultures when they create groups and organizations (Edgar, 2004). Once cultures exists they determine the criteria for leadership and thus determine who will or will not be a leader. The unique function of leadership helps in managing the existing culture in case the elements of a culture becomes dysfunctional. Leadership also manages evolution of culture and change in such a way that the group is able to thrive in a changed environment also (Bal, 1999). Thus, it is right to say that it is necessary to understand the culture both for group members as well as for their leaders. The cultural analysis in relation to leadership roles will also be discussed and analyzed for Pixar. Cross Cultural Issues at Pixar The Walt Disney acquired Pixar with the view that Pixar would be able to bring some creativity to Disney, which had lost the luster in its animation. However, various major factors of the success of a merger were recognized by both the parties and they emphasized on The concept of transformational leadership and the importance of its existence for the success of the merger Creating a new strategic vision and mission for the new organization that is shared by both the parties to the merger Developing and maintaining learning teams resulting in fostering a learning environment throughout the organization. Creating and maintain a learning culture throughout the merged organization. Pixar is well known for its culture of collective creativity. Management think in a way to build capability to recover when some failures occur and not in the direction of preventing the risk. It is believed that smart people are more important as compared to good ideas (Catmull, 2008). The company aims at enhancing the power of creative people and builds a creative culture on the foundation of active feedback among peers. An open culture and communication prevails in the organization where people at all levels support each other and help each other to turn out their best (Catmull, 2008). All members of the organization respect each other and there are very rare cases of any unhealthy conflicts with groups having considerable problem-solving powers that act as an inspiration to be creative and innovative. However, with the merger of Pixar with The Walt Disney, the culture of the two organizations also merged and then arouse several cross-cultural issues that could have resulted in a failure of the merger if not managed properly (Haspeslagh, 2006). The Walt Disney is characterized with a highly regimented culture while Pixar is known for its unique, free-spirited, independent work dynamic culture (Lam; Chi and Lee, 2007). The successful combination of these two totally different cultures was the hallmark for the success of the merger. In case Disney would have made any attempt to get the people of Pixar work under pressure to generate efficiencies, even though the way of increasing its productivity or bringing about an elimination of the overlapping support positions, would have resulted in high rates of turnover with skilled employees leaving the Disney Pixar (Lam and Lee). It is to be noted that many a time sin such highly skilled industries such as animation and communication, people are allowed to let go because of skill gap. However, it is the issue of cultural gap that makes most of the skilled people switch companies frequently in animation and communicat ion industry (Keating, 2006). It is the clear understanding of magnitude of synergies that makes the mergers successful. Analysis of the cross-cultural issues at Disney Pixar As discussed in the previous section, to manage cross-cultural issues at Disney Pixar, management concentrated on four important elements of transformational leadership, shared vision, learning team and learning culture. These elements and Disney Pixars approach to these are discussed as follows: Transformational Leadership at Disney Pixar It is necessary that an organization have transformational leaders in order to develop creative thinking and problem solving to foster organizational growth. Transformational leaders are those who lead through social exchange. They help their followers grow and develop into leaders by responding to individual followers needs by empowering them and by aligning the objectives and goals of the individual followers, the leader, the group and the larger organization (Riggo and Bernard, 2008). It is the elements that can encourage organizations to develop and change more rapidly so as to be able to meet challenges of dynamic and competitive environments. Disney Pixar followed the approach of defining and developing the transformational leadership. The company decided to follow the approach in order to make employees easily adapt the new culture, which is a mix of the cultures of two organizations. It is believed that creative powers come from creative leadership (Riggo, 2008). It is so because effective leadership helps in effective development of support structures, the necessary resources and access to the experience and knowledge of the top management of the organization. At Pixar, access to the brain trust of the organization was easy for all individuals because of its independent and free-spirit culture. However, it was for Disneys culture to adopt this key feature in order to be successful in the competitive environment. Transformational leadership was chosen as a route to achieve this objective and make Disney Pixar a learning organization. Shared Strategic Vision Another key element ensuring the success of a merger is the sharing of a shared vision of goals and objectives by the merging organization. This helps in providing proper guidance and reducing the anxieties and uncertainties associated with the process of merger. It is necessary in case of a merger to develop an environment of learning throughout the organization. This is possible only if there is an availability of diverse learning teams that are led by leaders who are sharing a common strategic vision. An organization is able to create a sustainable competitive advantage through such a process (Jemison, 2006). This further makes it easy to manage the increasing complexities associated with economies of scale and then competitors find it more difficult to copy a companys operational methods (Janik, 2006). As explained by Gill (2010), managing through a shared vision proves to be much more productive as compared to the management done through coercion or control. Creation of a shared vision refers to the process where a consensus has to be achieved on the direction of the group and on the desired results. The basic aim is to make the members of a team approach their work with aim of achieving same goals for the future and being guided by same principles. A shared vision is also necessary for developing and fostering learning and change in an organization. In the case of Disney Pixar, a formal team of leaders was created in order to integrate the two companies. Among these steps, the Vice President of Pixar was appointed as the chief creative officer of Disneys and Pixars animation studios. Despite of his having the authority to green light films for both the studios, the ultimate authority to approve rested in the hands of Disneys CEO. The main aim was to maintain the Pixars culture. However, it is not enough to develop teams of leaders. It is necessary that leading teams emerge throughout the organization and leaders try to develop learning of each and every individual about the new cultural values, mission and vision of the organization and the objectives for which the various operations are being carried out in the organization (Gancel and Rodgers, 2002). Every individual is required to have a commitment towards the strategic vision of the merger. There is a need of combining the best skills as two organizations to enhance the shar ing of the strategic vision and avoid any cultural issues. Developing Team Learning At Pixar, it is believed that providing freedom to take decisions helps in development of teams. People are given full chance to be creative and use their ideas in order to learn from their success or failures. The cofounder of Pixar and his executives gives tremendous authority to their directors. All decision-making authority rests in the hands of teams and no single individual is considered as a decisions making authority. The rule is that the opinions and advice received from the brain trusts of directors will be used only as an advice and directors have full authority to refuse their suggestions if it does not fit their plans. However, Disney having a tight control culture, followed an approach where corporate executives micromanage by keeping tight control over budgets and entering in the departments to take final creative decisions. These two different approaches resulted in several cultural issues after the merger. Many of the key employees left the company because of Disneys dominating cultural values. Ed Catmull, the cofounder of Pixar had recently changed his vision to build the organization where everyone work in the direction of creating a magic even when the directors and cofounders are gone (Prokesh, 2008). This called for a strong transition in the culture of the organization where executives were expected to do something of themselves even when people carrying out the organization were not there. Same was expected out of Disney, and unfortunately Disneys staff lacked the spirit and failed to develop a strong learning approach towards their work. Creating a Learning Culture Traditionally, organizations used to follow a top to down bureaucratic, controlled and narrow approach to management. This approach used to limit the learning process in the organization. In case of a learning organization, new directions of growth and development can be identified and recognized that makes it possible to handle challenges and problems. In todays competitive global era, diversity and cross-cultural complexities have become the synonymous to the challenges that a business organization face while improving their operational efficiency. Disney Pixar failed to recognize the method through which an organization can turn into a learning organization (Keating, 2006). The process is being undertaken successfully at Pixar through developing relationships and recognizing the fact that talent is rare and thus its retention is essential. Ed Catmull believes that the assumptions of the organization must be constantly challenged and the search for flaws that can destroy the culture of the organization should not stop throughout the operations of the organization. However, the process could not be undertaken successfully at Disney Pixar and resulted in several cultural issues. The new company was unable to keep Pixars talent together as there were vast differences between the cultural values and working styles of the two companies (Haspeslagh, 2006). Management was not successful in creating a learning culture throughout the organization and the unionized culture of Disney may not successfully coexist with non-unionized culture of Pixar. Recommendations Disney Pixar has failed at many levels while making the merger successful. The company has taken strong steps to initiate learning in the organization but it is doubtful whether such learning will be institutionalized throughout the organization. Some recommendations to foster learning and avoid any cultural clashes are discussed as follows: A utilization of differences can be made through the use of matrix strategy. This will help in finding a perfect balance between the competencies of managers of both the companies. In addition communication plays an important role in managing cultural differences (Lodorfos, 2006). Leaders should allow open communication and integration between team members as well as between teams to ensure smooth flow of knowledge and information. This will help in people from both the organization understand each others values, beliefs and working style resulting in more respect for each others culture (Harding and Rouse, 2006). Treating the partner company members with respect is the key to the success of a merger. Additionally, formal as well as informal training should be provided to the employees of Disney in order to adjust themselves with the open and free culture of Pixar. The decision making authority should not rest in the hands of few authorities and managers must be delegated more and mo re decision making power as in case of Pixar. Furthermore, Disney and Pixar studios are kept separate in order to reduce the complications. However, it is advised to design a single studio where a combined set of values coming from the combination of the ideas of both the companies should be fostered to ensure success of the merger. This is so because keeping the two parts of the Disney-Pixar merger as separate organizations can create the conditions for separation in future. Such a separation will result in more differences on account of cultural values and style of leading to more clashes and conflicts among the individuals of two companies. Disney-Pixar should aim at developing a learning organization through efficient flow of information and knowledge throughout the organization in order to be successful in future. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that proper management of cultural differences is one of the key factors in success of a merger. Todays business environment is characterized with an increasing number of organizations desiring to avail the advantage of globalization. Many of the companies take the route of mergers and acquisitions to achieve the objective. Many of such mergers fail due to cultural clashes among people of different organizations. Each of the merged company is required to integrate the corporate cultures of their organizations. It is the leadership style, management styles and communication lines that are necessary to be developed and managed in order to be successful in managing cross-cultural issues. It is evident that there is always a possibility of cross-cultural issues in case of a merger that cannot be avoided at any cost. However, it is possible to manage these issues through developing the organizations into a learning organization in order to fo ster knowledge sharing throughput the organization resulting a in a successful merger.

Korn :: essays research papers

In the early '90s, heavy music looked to be going the way of the dinosaurs: Well-heeled Brit-pop and well-scrubbed pop-punk were thoroughly dominating the guitar-rock landscape, and the few surviving old-school metal acts seemed hopelessly unable to adapt. But somewhere within the vast, murky Southern California wasteland, a dynamic new species was being born, a forward-thinking beast that disregarded the mistakes of heavy bands past while meshing dark, urban rhythms and low-tuned guitar sludge with violent, expressionist blasts of hip-core noise. That and the wildly emotional vocals of JONATHAN, which alternated between a bourbon-smooth croon and a viscerally sharp howl, made for a revolutionary mix that redefined heavy rock better than anyone had in a decade. The result was a monster 1994 self-titled debut album that went solid platinum, and by the time 1996's Life Is Peachy was released, this beast had a fanbase over two million strong--and a legion of musical imitators so large it threatened to saturate the planet. It was time for a change of rules. Hence KORN's latest, greatest slab, aptly titled FOLLOW THE LEADER. From the broadened musical and emotional scope to the much beefier production values to the stunning cover art courtesy of Spawn-creator Todd McFarlane, FOLLOW THE LEADER is indeed an ambitious and deeply satisfying outing for the band. And while there is considerably more hype surrounding this rightly anticipated disc, JONATHAN is quick to put things in perspective. "Our only goal was to take our time on this album," he says. "Because I knew we had it in us to do something great. To full integrate both (previous) albums and put out a record we could be proud of...we wanted to do some phat shit." "I think working with a new producer and going into a new studio helped us grow musically as a band," adds guitarist MUNKY. "All of us really have that fire again about being excited about a record...We all feel like we grew, like when you grow out of some old shoes; your feet are all crammed in forever and you know you need to buy a new pair, but you need to save up the money to do it. We kind of saved up our confidence and made that leap into our new shoes." Fans of old-school KORN needn't despair--the new shoes kick just as much ass as the old pair. "Freak On A Leash" is a molotov cocktail of scathing, psychedelic guitar runs, hypno-groove bass grind, hip-hop jungle drumming, all sliced in two with an ingeniously placed scat line reminiscent of PEACHY opener "Twist." Then there's "Children Of The

Analysis of Fransisco Goyas “The Third of May”

Francisco Soy's The Third of May 1808 is a responsive painting that was intended to honor those who suffered from the occupation of Napoleons army during the Peninsula War in Spain. This large in x in oil on canvas painting is used to represent the art of Soya, and depict the valor of Spanish revolutionary war. The influences on this piece, as well as its characteristics and influence on later work will be examined. The painting reflects the turmoil during the time period, and contains many aesthetic and emotional qualities that make it relevant in art history; the minting is one of the finest displays of Soy's abilities.Soya who lived from (1746 – 1828) was regarded as one of the most (if not the important Romantic artist. He underwent a major transition in his life that reflected on his work. During his early career he was much more optimistic toward humanity. This optimism is evident in his early artwork that consisted of bright pastel colors (1). In his later work (includi ng the time when The Third of May was being painted) his subject matter became much darker and dejected. This dark subject matter reflectedSoy's physical and mental ailments, his disappointment in the French brutality against the Spanish, and his â€Å"diminished hope for human progress† (3). The story behind The Third of May is one of brutality and malice. After Napoleon invaded Spain, he set his brother in place of the Spanish Monarch. The Spanish people believed the royal family was going to be murdered. In response to these rumors, on May 2, 1808 a rebellion against the French army took place. The French retaliated by rounding up civilians the next day and opening fire (4).After the Spanish regained control in 1814, Soya was motivated to ask the provisional government of Spain to commission The Third of May. He requested to, â€Å"perpetuate by meaner of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe† (5). Th e painting is in the romantic style. Key characteristics that define this piece as romantic are, â€Å"The sensational current event, loose brushwork, the poses based on reality, the off balance composition, and the dramatic lighting† (6).The fact that it is a raging scene is also characteristic of a painting in the romantic style. Other influences can be noticed in the painting as well. His work is reminiscent of Diego Velasquez because of the rough brush strokes that seem to humanism and revivalist the still figures of the painting (7). There are many characteristics that contribute to the significance of this painting. The placement of the characters is an important feature to notice. The French soldiers are giving the viewer their backs as they fire away in a uniform line.This uniformity portrays the soldiers as intimidating and an organized rower that are in control of the scenario. In contrast the civilians are an unrecognized crown backed up against a hill. This provid es the viewer with a sense of their defenseless and hopeless entrapment. The scale is a grand; prior to romanticism such grandiosity was reserved for religious subject matter. The large scale gave meaning to the murdered Just as religious figures were given importance in previous years. The choice of color and lighting perfectly highlights the heroic, while darkness falls on the wicked.For example the man at the center is in the brightest clothes of allow and white. You can clearly see him as his hands are raised as he faces his death courageously. The emotion of all the civilians is clearly illuminated as death is starring the viewer in the face. The bloodied men on the ground and those who cover their eyes or look away are what personify terror and death. This work so greatly personified martyrdom it influence the work of later artists. Some of the works he influenced were, â€Å"a series by ?dotard Meant, and Pablo Picasso Massacre in Korea and Queering† (8).The later work s that were influenced y him contained a theme of heroism in martyrs, a placement of good facing evil, and numerous other elements. The painting is of great historic significance as well as aesthetic importance. The painting is not merely a historical record but a moment in time in which the viewer can truly feel like they are a part of. Features that make this feeling possible are Soy's placement of the characters, the high contrast between light and dark (or good and evil), and the uncensored death and terror staring at the viewer. This completely defines a hopeless situation.

Travel Is The Best Education

In the technologically advanced era that we are living in, travelling has become not only easier, but also more accessible to almost everyone. Therefore, more and more people have the opportunity to get to places they have never been to before, making the experience interesting and, at the same time, educational. It has become in this way, the best form of education. Millions of people travel around the world at any given time, through various means of transport.This means that a very big number of people have the chance to see something they have never seen before, learn from the new experiences and broaden their horizons, as they get new ideas from the new people they meet, realize that the differences between them make everybody unique and so they also learn to respect those differences. Travelling gives the chance to people to strengthen and develop their character and mind, as it helps them to learn how to manage themselves in various situations, such as asking directions in a d ifferent countries , to give the simplest example.Therefore, travelling means having to do with new people, new places and new situations that require critical thinking. In addition to that, travelling doesn’t only provide knowledge about new cultures and interesting facts about the countries and their people, but it also makes the travelers understand and value more their own culture, home and lifestyle. There is also the planning phase of the trip, which can be an education opportunity in itself.For example, the maps. What route will you take? Geography. What sites will you visit? History and culture. How long will it take you to get to each city and how will this work in your budget? Math. And, for a dose of social skills, you can always interact with interesting people: waitresses, hotel owners, tour guides, market sellers and anyone else you come into contact with can be ideal sources of local information.More and more people every year get to travel to other countries a nd experience the educational character travelling has to offer in a fun way, a lot better in practice than in theory. Who needs a textbook (although you can still bring them along) when you can visit historical sites, art galleries, museums, and sporting events in person? That’s why, it is right to say that travelling constitutes the best form of education.

Communist Manefesto essays

Communist Manefesto essays The Mid-Nineteenth century in Europe was a melting pot of activity. The industrial revolution was in full swing in Great Britain, while the Prussian empire slowly grew in size. Over most of the continent the people were poverty stricken while few thrived in the economy. Rebellions of the middle classes were common in this era. Liberal philosophies were showing up in a few different political radicals. Due to this liberal thinking political philosophers such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles had the ability to express their opinions over a broad variety of people and this is the time in which the Communist Manifesto came to be. Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 in the city of Trier, Germany to a comfortable middle-class, Jewish family. His father, a lawyer and ardent supporter of Enlightenment liberalism, converted to Lutheranism when Marx was only a boy in order to save the family from the discrimination that Prussian Jews endured at the time. Marx enjoyed a broad, secular education under his father, and found an intellectual mentor in Freiherr Ludwig von Westphalen, a Prussian nobleman with whom Marx discussed the great literary and philosophical figures of his day. Notably, it was Westphalen who introduced the young Marx to the ideas of the early French socialist Saint-Simon. As a student in Bonn and Berlin, Marx was greatly influenced by the philosophy of Hegel. While Marx was impressed with the Hegelian professors under whom he studied, he ultimately found himself attracted to a group of students known as the "Young Hegelians." This group of young iconoclasts, including David Strauss, Bruno Bauer, and Max Stirner, were inspired by Hegel but were determined to champion the more radical aspects of the old master's system. In particular, these Left Hegelians called into question the conservatism they saw in Hegel's avowed political and religious philosophies. Although Marx desired a career as an academic at the time, ...

Managing Change Paper Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Change Paper Part 3 - Essay Example Most of the times, the management of the company recognize and then exploit the new potentials that seem dormant in the organization (Duncan, 1998). The changes that are done to the organization have three basic stages that they follow to make sure that the changes occur in a manner needed by the organization. The first stage involves the realization that the current strategies are not suitable for the situations of the organization (Duncan, 1998). The second stage that the change undergoes is the establishment of vision for the future of the company. The last stage that Facebook organization undergoes is implementing the changes and making new systems that supports the changes to be done. The major change that Facebook organization have undergone is the technological change that is introduced as components of large strategic change (Duncan, 1998). A most important aspect in technological change is that it determines the person in the organization that is threatened by the change that

The intersection between ethics and politics in ANIMAL RIGHTS about Essay

The intersection between ethics and politics in ANIMAL RIGHTS about Animal Genetic Testing - Essay Example Animal testing is one of the most ethically gray points in society. One can say that it can is a necessary evil as it is an important factor in keeping technology, as in medical technology. We need to know how certain chemicals can work in our body when dispensed, hence animal testing. In short, the development of drugs is one of the reasons why there is animal testing in the midst. However, we are also aware of the fact that animal testing is brutal as it is (most of the time) done without painkillers – meaning, the animals would suffer for the plight of the people, plight of the people that make them miserable and take their services for granted, as they are inferior – animals as they are called. There are about 20 million animals that are killed every year for experiments. 75% of the said figure are killed because of medical testing and that the rest of them are killed to try new products (as in animal testing). Ten percent of the 20 million figure are said to be und ergoing procedure without any pain killers. There are many people, especially the animal rights advocates, who oppose the use of animals in medicine and health services, that is true. They are imposing various government to give restrictions on companies and businesses that do not respect animal rights for research. However, this movement is also taking a call to stop as there are also a growing number of people who do not want to stop experimenting on the animals. This is due to the fact - or fear – that medical research and technology would stop growing at the rate that it is growing now. This means that the stoppage of the use of animals in research would curtail the growth of the knowledge and scientific progress. Pain is an intrinsic evil. Those people who argue that painful experimentation on animals should be avoided, or stopped (in a perfect world), say that, and anything (or anyone) that causes pain to another creature or animal is immoral. Using the words of Jeremy Bentham, one cannot say (or use the argument) that the animals â€Å"can’t talk, or reason† hence they can be used. The real question that should be asked is â€Å"do animals suffer?† The answer is yes. They do suffer because they feel pain. The scientist who conducts research the rat for some new formulation about a new drug knows that the rat feels pain because it needs to know how the human would react if it is subjected to the new drug – will the new drug cause pain to the patient or not? Every writhe and struggle of the anilam is recorded and then will be used to improve and design a new drug. Even the fact that the scientist will have to let the animal choose to what its setup is: to have electric shocks or to have hunger, is immoral. Although the data will be used and collected to know whether ulcers of some kind would be formed, the doctor still uses the animal to know how the human mind works as the rat and humans have the same neural responses. Basically, we are like rats. Pain is an intrinsic evil. It does not matter if it is experienced by a man, child or animal. If it is wrong to inflict pain on a human being, then it is wrong to inflict pain on an animal, or any creature for that matter. Another thing that should be

The Second World War and the United States Involvement Article

The Second World War and the United States Involvement - Article Example However, the events that followed put the country's interests at stake on several quarters. In Europe, Germany's expansion plan threatened the power balance in the region. Japan was on a similar track in Asia and this directly affected the United States' interests. When Great Britain and France declared war against Germany in 1939, the United States felt compelled to supply arms to these allies as a step to contain Germany's advancement in the western hemisphere: Hitler's empire was now larger than Napoleon's, and his power was absolute. On land he was strong enough to launch offensives in four directions simultaneously; at sea, his three hundred U-boats were strangling Britain's lifelines. Only the consecration of embattled Britain stood between him and absolute mastery of Europe- unless the United States intervened. (Manchester, 219.) The turning point that brought about the active involvement of the United States in the War was the attack of Pearl Harbor by Japan. For several years, the United States and Japan had been on a collision course over issues related to Asia. On 7 December 1941, Japanese forces struck at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The unexpected strike caused the loss of many lives and severe damage to the air force and naval systems based there. The attack brought about a decisive turn in the mindset of Americans about the role of the US in the war. "Now the country was united as it had never been. The sneak attack, the presence of two Japanese ambassadors in Washington pretending to negotiate peace, and an old distrust of what some still called the Yellow Peril combined to transform the war into a crusade against treacherous Orientals."(Manchester, 257) Soon after the United States launched an offensive against Japan, Germany and Italy joined on the side of Japan and declared war against the United States. The war in Europe was over on 7 May 1945 when Germany surrendered. Japan was crushed stage by stage under the leadership of General MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz. The final blow came with the dropping of nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 8 August 1945 respectively. The war prompted the country to consider forming a body of nations to protect the peace of the world. The United Nations was formed in 1945, with the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, China, and France as the permanent members of the Security Council.

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne and the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne and the Holocaust Essay Author John Boyne published his infamous novel The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. John Boyne was born in Dublin, Ireland. Boyne attended Trinity College in Dublin where he first studied English Literature and then proceeded to the University of East Anglia in Norwich where he then studied creative writing. He began his published writing career in the year two-thousand with his first published book The Thief of Time. Though The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas separates itself from Boyne’s traditional style of writing by having being written for a younger audience, it was the book that took John Boyne’s career to the successful point it is now at. Using his father’s date of birth as the same for both Shmuel and Bruno, Boyne could further relate the two boys to a familiar story. Demonstrating the truly catastrophic events of the Holocaust in a fictional novel, Boyne captures the torment that two young boys face in a time where their innocence is taken away by one of the most evil acts of humanity. The Holocaust caused the lives of six million Jews to be lost, and the faith of the survivors. The Nazi Germans called this systematic mass killing â€Å"the final solution to the Jewish question. † In nineteen-thirty-three, Anti-Semitism reached its’ peak in Germany â€Å"†¦destruction, which was launched with torchlight parades and accented by speeches that proclaimed the death of Jewish intellectualism and the purification of German culture. Thus, writings by such Jewish intellectuals as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud fueled the huge bonfires. Also engulfed in flames was the work of Heinrich Heine, a German poet of Jewish origin. A century earlier Heine had stated, Where books are burned, in the end people will be burned. †¦. his statement would become [true], specifically for the European Jews who found themselves under Nazi domination during the Third Reich. † (The Holocaust Chronicles 53) By July of nineteen-thirty-three, twenty-five thousand Jews amongst other â€Å"unfit† German citizens had been sent to concentration camps or jail. Democracy in Germany had disappeared under Adolf Hitler’s new command with the Nazi Party being the only legal political party. Hitler began a propaganda that the Jew was a threat to the German race, unequal, and inferior, that it must be eliminated in order to restore the power lost during and after the First World War Jewish businesses were boycotted, German citizens began discriminating Jews, physically harming them and humiliating them. Later, German Nazis demanded that all non-Aryan subjects shall retire, â€Å"†¦any person who had a Jewish parent or grandparent was non-Aryan. † (54) The Jews were then places in ghettos, where the living conditions were poor and a preview of their upcoming fate was shown. Forced to wear David’s star as an embroidered badge on their clothing to symbolize their faith, the Jews were publicly isolated for the German citizens to see and attack. This would’ve made many of the Jews feel ashamed and directed them to lose faith in the God they had previously loved and lived by, as that same faith in the religion was what caused their cruel misfortune. Religion is seen repeatedly in both Night by Elie Wiesel and The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne. In Boyne’s work, the two main characters, Bruno and Shmuel, are two nine year old boys who are unfortunately wrapped up in the horrid events that took place during the years of the Holocaust. Bruno’s father is a high ranking officer working for the S. S during the period of the Nazi Party’s ruling in Germany. He doesn’t show clear understanding of what’s going on and what his father is doing, with help of constant deceit from his parents, his sister and instructor, Bruno still sees no difference between him and Shmuel, who is a Jewish prisoner of a concentration camp. Though there is no difference in the two boys, society, family and religion tells them otherwise, and yet their friendship is unbreakable. â€Å"We’re not supposed to be friends, you and me. We’re supposed to be enemies, did you know that? † (The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas 118) Having been disciplined by society to believe in a concept of inequality between the pure German race and the Jewish people, the friendship between Bruno and Shmuel becomes a significantly touching plot, not in the sense that it shouldn’t or couldn’t be, but in a way that demonstrates the innocence that adults tried to deprive from their children, and the loving bond that brings two boys who are meant enemies together, it makes them equal. Religion isn’t understood, hatred isn’t understood and evil acts are not understood; for once, the naive minds of innocence that cannot understand the plot Hitler formed are perfectly right by the similarity of not understanding their nonexistent â€Å"differences. † Both the real events of World War II and the fictional events within the novel feature a lot of deceit. Propaganda was used by the governments of every country involved in the war as well as within Germany against the Jews. This form of subtle manipulation was successful as it used citizens’ issues and fears to provide an excuse for the events occurring. Hitler used slogans and made powerful speeches throughout his dictatorship that convinced the Germans to believe that the Jewish people really were a threat that Germany had to repel. By blaming their economical issues on the Jews, the Germans had more of a reason to desire the exeunt of their race entirely. â€Å"’Propaganda tries to force a doctrine on the whole people Propaganda works on the general public from the standpoint of an idea and makes them ripe for the victory of this idea. ’ Adolf Hitler wrote these words in his book Mein Kampf, in which he first advocated the use of propaganda to spread the ideals of National Socialism among them racism, antisemitism,. ( http://www. ushmm. org ) The novel also shows a pattern of deceit, where Bruno is lied to by his parents when he asks what is behind the fence. Bruno also lies when he denies knowing Shmuel, an act of fear that resurfaces the idea that he is still a child with no desire to be punished. Deceit is a tendency that was believed to be necessary by the furor, Adolf Hitler, in order to proceed with the Final Solution while having his citizens and the rest of the world blind, as they believed his idea was only beneficial to Germany. Hitler and the Nazi Party would have not succeeded had they always been truthful to not only the people within their own borders, but the people outside of them too. It was necessary to deceit in order to succeed, or what he planned to be a success. In Bruno’s case, that same deceit provided him with the loyalty and love to Shmuel to be his friend until death. The accounted Jewish casualties that took place under the furor, Adolf Hitler and commander Heimrich Himmler are an approximate six million, completely exterminating the trace of each and every Jewish family in Germany, for even those who survived left immediately after the Russians set them free from the concentration camps in nineteen-forty-five. Survivors who have testimonies of their experience in the camps, the ghettos, and those who escaped still try to make sense of what happened in the twelve year long battle for survival. Emotionally, they have wounds that will never fully heal over. Mentally, they withhold memories that could only be imagined as the most vivid of nightmares to those of us who didn’t live through the terrorizing events. Spiritually, they are finally free to believe, if they can and most do. They speak of the Holocaust as a test from God, another reason to show their faith to the world. Eliezer Wiesel said in Night, â€Å"That I survived the Holocaust and went on to love beautiful girls, to talk, to write and to have toast and tea and live my life – that is what is abnormal. † Evidently, families were lost and lives were separated, an emotional devastation that one may never come to comprehend. In both of the works, family is demonstrated to be a significant factor. Elie, in Night, speaks fondly of the love for his father and the absolute loss of himself after the loss of his father. In The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, Bruno’s mother reveals a love for her family so deep that she becomes despaired with the facts of her husband’s work. Shmuel sacrifices himself, at the side of his best friend, Bruno, to find his father and endanger his own life to save one of a family members’. This was the case for each person who died and survived the Holocaust. â€Å"If we bear all this suffering and if there are still Jews left, when it is over, then Jews, instead of being doomed, will be held up as an example. † (Anne Frank)

Acting And Facial Expression In Animation

Acting And Facial Expression In Animation Our body never stop moving, no matter we are sitting, taking a rest or sleeping, our body and face keep doing different actions even it is small and unobtrusive. We have many different actions in our daily life. We can obtain different messages in these actions. For example humans feelings, characters, health, signal from others or even read peoples mind. There is so much information covert in acting and facial expression, but what about in animation? Animation started with no dialog and sound. To define animation, it imitates everything move in reality word, it can also create some things does not exist and even impossible by your imagination. To create a good animation, you need to study everything which can move no matter it is organic or inorganic. Also the speed of different objects: Speed up, slow down and the rhythm. That is the basic animation sense. Aim This study is concerned with a communication that beyond dialog in animation Acting and Facial Expression. Acting means all action, body language and facial expression. Animators always use them to present characters personality and the story in animation. The reason I choose acting and facial expression is because it is an international language in communication. Animation is always present with dialog, especially in long animation. Sometimes, facial expression and some small actions can express more messages to the audience and to deliver it faster than dialog. Without dialog, audience will focus on characters action and facial expression, it provides audience with more imagination and better in accordance with the animation significance. I will not say acting and facial expression can replace dialog, but I am going to prove that they are the better tools to communicate with audience in animation. Research Method The topic is closely related with my area of practice 3D animation. It is useful for me to produce and learn animation. From the research in this study, I can obtain more knowledge in human anatomy and the meaning and message in different action. These can support me to produce a more professional animation and improve my animation skills. I am going to research different animations, movies, television commercial which without dialog, to disassemble their script, characters acting and camera design, especially with the reference Tom and Jerry. In the other hand, I will compare them with some movies and animations which with dialog, for example: Ted, Mr. Bean and Pixars animations. Also I will research books about body language, facial expression and animation theory to support my study. Structure In my dissertation, I am going to divide it into five parts. After introduction, it is a chapter about acting in animation. I will start to define what are acting and body language first, to establish a basic knowledge with them. Second I will find out the relationship between acting and characters, storytelling and music. It is a very important part to research how acting affects these elements in animation. Third I will find out how animators animate inorganic things, how can acting gives them life and personality. Finally, I will have a case study of Tom and Jerry to research the relationship of acting and dialog, also compare their impact. In the next chapter facial expression in animation, I will research what is facial expression and how it talks. There are more than thousands facial expression we have, but what do they means? Can they show our minds? Besides, I will find out the relationship between facial expression and characters and storytelling. In chapter four communication beyond dialog, after studying acting and facial expression. I am going to find out what the impacts of dialog in communication are and compare it with acting and facial expression. Then I will prove how acting and facial expression give imaginations and demonstrate how they communicate with audience. Finally, I will find out in animation, are acting and facial expression an aid, strengthen or a necessary elements? And the final chapter is a summary. 2. Acting and Facial Expression 2.1. Acting and body language We express ourselves, communicate to others, show others our minds and ideas through action. Also, we always try to obtain and understand different meanings or messages through other peoples action, even our pets and other animals. Acting means all actions created by living things, a strong action can communicate a lot. To research actions, I start to study the nature of actions and I find out there are five basic actions we have since we are born inborn actions, discovered actions, absorbed actions, trained actions and mixed actions. When we are a baby, we already have our instinctive actions. A baby knows how to smile and suckle mothers breast to get food, even they never saw them before. These are inborn actions. Discovered actions mean we discover them from ourselves through our experience and our environment. People cross their arms or legs in the world, it helps us to keep warm, take a rest or protect ourselves. There is also an example of discovered actions sex. Absorbed actions are the actions we learn and copy from others. In a society, we want to get into a group no matter we are studying or working. We try to imitate their actions and the words they use. For trained actions, we need to practice and teach by the others, like swimming, dancing and cycling. Finally, mixed actions are special, we push further and mix the actions we learnt by discovering and studying new things. When we communicate to others, dialog is not the only way. Actions show our background, character and our inner thoughts. We can deliver messages to others, it is a body language. Body language is the earliest language we know, everyone know how to use it. We cry to draw our parents attention when we are a baby. We use body language everyday even sometimes we did not realize them. Following different peoples research, we can now discover many secret of our body and how they talks. For examples our body angles, body shift and when we touch ourselves. There are too many body languages and I cannot cover them all, but I am going to find them out in different animations and movies, see how those animators use them to create their characters and story. 2.2. Facial expression Acting means all body languages and facial expressions. Besides the research on acting, I want to analysis facial expression individually, because it is a main tool to communicate beside body language. We have come to know the face so well because it is so important to us; in fact, it is the center of our entire emotional life. From birth to death, the face links us to friends, to family, to everyone meaningful to us. (Gary Faigin, 1990s). Facial expression is the motion of our face muscles under the skin. There are many emotions we have and we always express them by different movement of our facial features. We less expressed our emotion by only use one facial features, it always comes up with mix. Do facial expressions universally recognizable? By Paul Ekman, he researched that there are six categories of facial expression are certain universal: sadness, anger, joy, fear, disgust and surprise. We can find these faces every day on the people we meet, but how much can we tell from our face? 2.3. How facial expression talks? This research will not cover all categories of facial expression, but I will analysis some of them which appear in animation and our daily life. On our face, eyes and mouth are the facial features that have the most movable range. Other than ears and nose, sometimes they can convey emotions individually. As the research of eyes, our eyes movement and angles have different messages in them, different angles show our feelings and thinking. Combine with our eyebrows, they can have so many changes. When we communicate to others, like we speak with our friends, colleagues or even in an interview, eye contacts become a very important tool. With our words, a firm eye contact can display our confidence, fascination, serious and respect. Opposite, hesitancy and unstable eyes will show that we are nervous and inattentive. It has the same effect when we listen to others. We will also use our eyes to give signal to others. For example: in a situation which we cannot speak or in a basketball game, eyes used to show our feelings or to direct others. In animation, we can only obtain messages from the image, we do not understanding the environment sometimes. Characters eyes will become the director for the audience in this moment. Certainly, eyes are the tool to show characters status like tired. Mouth is a special feature, besides eat and speak, it is the best facial feature to present joy. We can find joy or sadness for peoples mouth easily, but what else? When we feel nervous, uncomfortable and scare, we always tighten up our lips, it can let us relieve some of our pressure. And when we feel disgust, we will distort our lips, but everyone has different shape in this, it is always appear in comedy. Apart from that, a sinister smile is always a good characteristic for creating a bad character. After research on our facial features, I go on to find out more relationship of facial expression and animation. 3. Acting and Facial Expression in Animation 3.1. Acting with characters, storytelling and music In an animation, we receive messages from different elements such as characters, storytelling and music, but what are their relationships with acting. With the characters outlook, we can obtain much information of him, her or it- age, sex, work, power and physique. These are the basic information, but acting can gives more or makes different. For example: characters personality, attitude, status, ability and experience. Acting also shows the forces of gravity of the world in the story through characters movement. I found a short animation as examples One more beer! to show how acting and body language influence characters. In One more beer, it is a very short animation and only has one character, one scene and one camera. In the beginning, a man that looks big, boorish and strong sits down in the bar. He gives a fierce face and asks for something. We notice that he is a fierce man and want a big cup of beer immediately, but the bartender gives him a small cup and pink colours beer. The fierce man gets angry, the bartender gives him a small umbrella and put it in the beer. At that time, the fierce man change to a naive man and drinks that small beer like a child. A big man and a small pink beer form a big contrast. Audience got cheated from his outlook in the beginning, thought that he must reject that small beer. However, he loves that. All of these are depend on acting. Dont just do something, story is the difference between animating a character walking across the room, and having it walk the last mile to the electric chair. The story context will affect the way a character moves, acts and talks. (Nancy Beiman, Animated Performance, Page 4). Undoubtedly, acting and story influence each other in every animation. It delivers messages to audience. Sometimes a small action can leave thread or cheat audience. Also, acting can shows characters feelings, emotion and the relationship between characters. To research storytelling and acting, I found an animation Defective Detective. It does not have dialog, but it is good at storytelling. The main characters of this animation are a detective and an old woman. The detective is a hero of the city, but he is trouble in a case with a butcher. One night, he finds something wrong on his upstairs. He thinks that is the butcher, and the butcher is hurting the old woman. He clamps up and wants to shot down the butcher, but finally it is just his misunderstanding. The animation shows the situation of the detective and the old woman parallel, they have not seen each other until the end. The old women are just cooking tomato soups, but the detective thinks that the butcher are killing her, it is all come from his fantasy only. The animator use 2D animation to express his fantasy, we can find that the detective are stupid and impulsive. The most interesting and meaningful part I think is the end and I want to explain those small actions in detail. In the end, they drink the soup together, but someone scream from outside again. The detective stands up and pick up his gun to show he wants to help. However the old woman uses the spoon hit his hand and point to the chair, these actions mean she told him to sit down and do not get misunderstanding anymore. He sits down immediately and shake his hand and drink a spoon of soup, to show her do not worry and he will listen to her. In the final shot, he takes a look of outside, it shows that he still confusing. This time he is right, there are many crimes happening in the building. It is very meaningful in just these few seconds, the animator is good at acting and storytelling. Other than characters and storytelling, the relationship of acting and music is more special. Acting always follows the rhythm of the music, especially in animations which do not have dialog. Acting can strengthen and bring out the feelings of the music, and music can also strengthen characters emotion and acting. Both of them can be the lead. The most famous example is Fantasia from Disney. In Fantasia, there are seven animations in this film and this film created three relationships of music and animation. First kind, it use music to tells a define story. Second kind, it is no specific plot but just follow the rhythm and create the image. Third kind, to create an animation that exists for the music. The most famous part of Fantasia is The Sorcerers Apprentice. It only uses the original music for the animation, no any sound effects and dialog. It is just like a visual music concert. 3.2. Facial expression with characters and storytelling Facial expression is an important element to help a character to create its personality and express their emotions. For me, a character which has the richest facial expression and most impressive, he must be Mr. Bean Rowan Atkinson. He is not an animation character, but he is a really special performer which good at impress on acting. In 2002, Mr. Bean came up with an animated television series. It is based on the live action series of the same name and it is a minority example. Why Mr. Bean can success? I am going to find out some reasons with it. Mr. Bean is a comedy written and starring by Rowan Atkinson. Rowan Atkinson created Mr. Bean and described him as A child in a grown mans body. Bean less speaks, he always uses his body languages and facial expressions to convey himself. Sometimes he will speak something people do not understand, but within his voice tone and acting we can find out what he tries to present. He spends a lot of time with his best friend Teddy (A bear toy) and he helps Teddy to act. In both live action and animated series, Mr. Bean is a story around Beans daily life and some interesting incident. To describe Rowan Atkinsons face, he has big, clear and significant facial features. Also, combine with his changeable facial expressions, it impress on audience mind. In Mr. Bean animation, animators keep Beans characteristics and style. They even enlarge his facial features and exaggerate his acting. It shows that acting and facial expressions are identity of Mr. Bean. In the same time, that is one of a big r eason why Mr. Bean success. To research on the relationship between facial expression and storytelling, I found a special example Kuleshov Effect. It is a montage film editing effect and discovered by Lev Kuleshov which is a Russian filmmaker. It is an experiment to create reaction with editing, Lev Kuleshov wants to test if a face with no expression and fill in different objects or environment, what will audience think? He made a short movie with six shots. Also, he found three shots with different environment and put the same shot with one actor in front of them. The actors name is Ivan Mozzhukhin, he actually looking at nothing, he does not know what will they edit to when they are shooting at him. He did not express any emotion and that is what Lev Kuleshov wants, we cannot see any emotion on Ivan Mozzhukhin by only watching his face. Audience can only base on the environment along to infer his emotion. The viewers will think that the actor has different reactions and emotions, but actually they come from our own minds. We will admire the actors acting and do not realize it is affected by the scene. So does it mean facial expression is not important? Just the opposite, in Kuleshov Effect, audience will obtain different emotions of the actor only by their experience and imaginations. This effect just right to tell us where are the source of message that received by audience. Within facial expression and storytelling, audience can receive the messages exactly from the creator and understand the inter-relationships between characters. 4. Animation Comedy You get to be an impish God. You get to reform the world. You get to take the piss out of it. You turn it upside down, inside out. You bug out eyes. You put moustaches on Mona Lisas. You change the world and have for a brief moment a bit of control over it. At least you get to humiliate it for a moment, and thats what all cartoonists get their kicks from! (Paul Wells, interview in February 1995) Paul Wells described how to create a comedy. In creating comedy, we can become a naughty god and change the world to whatever we want. Comedy is a tool for people to relax and release their pressure from a custumal world. We must break and challenge the rules. After the initial study of Mr. Bean, I go on to research on animation comedy. I want to know more about how acting and facial expression influences animation comedy. 4.1. Case study Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry is a famous animation start from 1940s, every chapter is short but expressing a story individually. It is just a story start from a cat and a mouse, but why can it success and enduring to show? With the research in last part, I start to analysis Tom and Jerry. Cats chasing mouse, everyone knows it, because it is the natural instinct of cats. It is a good and simple design in characters and story. However in Tom and Jerry, people always want Jerry wins and he does in the story. I think the reason is because their personality and relationships, it express from their acting. Tom is an arrogance cat and to be opinionated, he always thinks that he is the one. Jerry is cunning, but it is stems from the need for self-preservation, He is a kind mouse and always saves others who Tom is bullying. Tom always thinks he is the clever one and bully others, Jerry always takes him down because he is the real clever one. We will love to see this because to take down someone who is arrogance and to be opinionated is funny, as we want to do that in our reality society. Sometimes they are enemy, sometimes they are friend when they are facing difficulty or having the same enemy. We love to see that too. Storytelling is a big reason that why Tom and Jerry success. They have many reasons to fight in every chapter, not just about cats chasing mouse. Sometimes it is because Tom is hungry, the order from Toms master, revenge, misunderstanding, they want the same thing, enjoy to torture others or the third person get involved. Tom and Jerry less using dialog, it will be only used in they must need it to express or describe story to audience. Acting becomes the only way to communicate with audience. The master of Tom is a character who always have dialog, it is always used by the third person or radio too, Tom and Jerry almost do not talk. We can always find many exaggerated and violent acting in Tom and Jerry. Everything around the environment can be their weapons: tables, chairs, dishes, planks sometimes they even use guns, bombs and poisons. These become the way to attract audience and make them laugh, also the signature of Tom and Jerry. Music is an important character in Tom and Jerry too, it is always used to strengthen acting and deliver their emotions. Music can increase the atmosphere of comedy with the big contrast, for example: a classic music and an obtuse cat. In some case, Tom and Jerrys body will become a music instrument and play music with their acting. You can also find some chapters which are base on music to create their story. All of these are the basic analysis of Tom and Jerry. I also want to describe some examples which are impressive and creative to see how it has good use of acting. In Puss and Boats, Tom is a mariner. The story starts from Toms ship laying down their commodity. There is a big box of cheeses with a gap. In this time, Jerry is sleeping, but the smell of cheese becomes a hand and flies to find him. The hand removes Jerry from the bed and opens his eye, but Jerry is still sleeping and the picture in his eyeball shows he is eating a cheese. It shows Jerry is eating a cheese in his dream, and it is a special skill by using facial expression. Then, the hand wakes him up and shows him where are the cheese. When Jerry gets ready to get it, the hand stop him and point to somewhere because Tom is nearing there to protect those commodity. The acting of the hand is not just expressing the smell of cheese, it is only use useful to Jerry and only he can see this, because mice love cheese. The hand shows the natural of mouse, to find cheese and be careful with cats. The animator use a hand to present the relationship of cheese, mouse and cat, not just shows Je rry smell cheese and wake up. It is creative and well use on acting with character and storytelling. In a short section of Mice Follies, Tom is chasing Jerry and his friend in a small indoor skating rink. When Tom try to stop and catch them, he keeping slipping in the same place because of the ice. He keeps increasing his speed to move but still cannot move on. Coordinate with his acting, is a fast beat drums hit. With this situation, it created a very funny image. That is more effective by only using acting to present. It is a common comedy skill we can always find in Tom and Jerry. To describe other example of music in Tom and Jerry, I found The Cat Concerto. In this chapter, Tom is a pianist. He woke up Jerry when he was playing piano in a concert. Then they start to fight. The story is totally following the music to develop. In the whole animation, they never stop playing the piano while they are fighting. Even Tom gets hurt or stop to play, Jerry will keep playing to keep the concerto go on. Every part of the piano becomes their battlefield. Every time the music starts rapidly, they will have a strong conflict. It is a really accurate story design, the animator use music to imagine the story. Even a shears become a music instrument, Jerry want to cut Toms finger when he is playing piano. However, Tom hides it, the sounds of shears merges with the music. Finally, Jerry plays the piano from its inside to try to push Tom to follow it. Tom exhausts all his effort to follow, but his formal dress is totally rotten. In the end, Jerry wears a formal dress to curtain call. That presented a cat chasing mouse story with a very interesting and creative way. At the same time, it is a good example how acting cooperate To summarize, Tom and Jerry is an impressive and successful animation which use acting and the elements of animation effectively. It is a good example to shows us the importance of acting in animation. 5. Communication beyond dialog 5.1. Dialog in communication Actions speak louder than words, When we communicate only 7 per cent of the communication depends on verbal communication and the rest goes towards the non verbal communication. Of the 93 per cent- 38 percent is for voice modulation and 55 per cent is for body language.(ProfessorÂÂ  M. S. Rao, Soft Skills Enhancing Employability: Connecting Campus with Corporate, Page14). 6. Conclusions