The Deadly Happiness of Mrs,. Mallard

Modes of Analysis Character Analysis on Story Of An Hour The Story of an Hour is short story in which many things happened during that hour. With in an hour the main character Mrs. com/story-hour-sorrowful-woman-plight-women/" class="ilgen">Mallard experience emotions that she never felt before in her life. During the process of the story we begin to see a character that is weak sick and summited to society regiment. At the moment of the unexpected, Mrs. Mallard showed a different aspect of herself. We tend to react in the different prospective ways when an unexpected event happens.We tend to have a close look at our real selves. The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin reflects the dramatic process of Mrs. Mallard’s character through the death of her husband. It also demonstrates that the true identity cannot be sheltered forever. Mrs. Mallard character had a distinctive personality. A woman who summited her self to the mental abuse of her husband and she became sick from all the hurting she kept inside (227). She remains quiet during her life not allowing anyone to know her deepest thoughts. She was not free to do as she wanted. Mrs.Mallard had the desire of getting in touch with the world outside and to be able to speak when ever she wanted to. The detail I am interested in the most is the reaction of Mrs. Mallard toward the saying â€Å"Free Body and Soul free! †(228). It is not easy to understand her reaction. I think that reaction is the result of her inside conflict in which she hesitates about how to determine her own feelings. She doesn't know how to react, she should feel sorry about the death news, but she feels happy about freedom (228). At the beginning, when I saw her reaction about the news of her husband death, I began to analyze the character.At the beginning of the story, I saw a cold hearted character, as I continue reading; it became cleared to me that Kate Chopin was trying to send a message through her story. In the beginning of t he 19th century, this reaction was unacceptable in society. However through the modern readers' eyes; her reaction is the explosion of her true feelings which were repressed for a long time. During the time line in which the story was based on, a wife had to be subservient to her husband and her life was confined to the house. Women in those days were not permitted to divorce; the only way they would acquire liberty was by becoming widows.A traditional role like that, makes Mrs. Mallard consider her marriage as a burden and she feels free when she gets to know about her husband's death. That’s the reason Mrs. Mallard became joyful when she heard the news of her husbands death. I think that she felt overwhelmed with her everyday life of a servant, with complete dependence on Brently his decisions and maybe his dominance. To me it seems that the character of Mrs. Mallard is a person who is disappointed with the harsh reality of her everyday living, and that she is also subconsc iously looking for a chance to escape from an unhappy marriage.She loved her husband and sincerely cried for him when she hears of his death, but at the same time she is happy to acquire her freedom again(228). Through Mrs. Mallard reaction, I can see that she suffers a lot from her married life. Mrs. Mallard tries to use her will to beat the feeling of freedom and the desire for independence, but her will loses, and her true feeling takes control over her thinking. As a result, her reaction is different from what is usual and expected. Her exclamation of freedom impact the readers, because of the unexpected reaction of Mrs.Mallard, by Chopin allowing this expression in the story it helps the reader understand the inside struggle of her own life. Mrs. Mallard is a vivid character that identifies the life of Chopin. It indicates her private needs, emotion and expectations which she kept inside. Chopin lived in an era where women were not heard. Personally, I think that the saying fre e is the reaction that expresses the feelings about society condemnatory ways to women. To Mrs. Mallard it is like a prison having to be under the oppression of her husband authority.She had lived under the control of her husband, with little identity and time of her own. Maybe to under his imposed private will it was confusing for her ability to identify herself. The expression in the reaction helps the reader identify more strongly with her need for individuality. I also can identify with Mrs. Mallard with myself: she is a lady who sacrifices herself for her husband. Her reaction shows that despite a lot of suffering, she is willing to maintain the wife role the last moment. She only dares to let her true feeling pour out after she hears of his death and in a place away from public view, in her room (228).Her saying tells me that in her life she has never experienced such a moment of great joy, happiness and excitement like this. Later on in the story, she received the disappointm ent of her life when she learns her husband was alive. That brought her to her death which in another way she became free of her oppression (228). When I read this story for the first time, it seemed to be a story of many unpredictable details. To me, the story is still highly appreciated until strict social bias and peoples expectations about gender roles in general and marriage in particular are denied completely.

Accounting & information Technology Essay

How the process of computerising accounting information systems (AIS) and telecommunicating accounting information over the web actually help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally? However, the counter-claim is that the breaching of the security of such systems will be a great risk that needs to be properly managed in various ways. The purpose of the essay is to identify how the process of computerising accounting information and telecommunication accounting information over the web can help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally and to find out how large firm can protect their system and information by using different methods. Also, in this assignment the main function of computerizing accounting information system (AIS) and telecommunicating accounting information over the web will be discussed along with successful examples and failure examples. Also, it will link and explain why these functions will help the accounting functions to operate globally. Also, in this assignment it will explain the main threats of using such system and will point out how large organisations able to manage these potential threats. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Accounting Information System is vital to all organisations (Borthick and Clark, 1990). The process of computerizing accounting information systems (AIS) is a system of collection, storage and processing of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. The result can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors and creditors. Organisations depend on information systems to stay competitive, they see information as important as a resource such as plant and machines. Therefore, in order to stay competitive, organisations may have to computerising their AIS, to make the process automatic in order to; reduce effort, save time, improve efficiency and reduce labor cost. However, many organisations are not enjoying the benefit of computerization of accounting system as they have continued to be inaccurate due to increased number of interruptions due to system failure or breakdown and untimeliness with its reliability left in the question. So how computerising accounting information system helps the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally? In a computer system, processing is carried out electronically, usually with little or no intervention from a human user. The components of a computer system include hardware and software. Hardware describes the physical components of a computer system. Example: Monitor, bar-code reader, Web camera and speakers. And software is a series of detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system. Software exists as programs that are developed by computer programmers. Example: systems software and applications software. (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, p.510). But how they actually help the accounting functions in an organisation operate globally? When a firm has grown globally, they then have to deal with billions of information per day from many different countries, and the only way they can process the information is by using computer system, today’s computer system come in variety of sizes, shapes and computing capabilities. Categories such as mainframe, midrange and microcomputer systems are still used to help an organisation which operates globally, such as IBM, to express the relative processing power and number of end users that can highlight the major uses of particular types of computers. Telecommunications is on a national or global scare, in order to allow telecommunications to operate it consist both software and hardware to set up these links. Hardware include; satellite and microwave transmissions. Telecommunications help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally by enable a business that operating from different locations to run as a single unit. . (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 571). This means that the information can be managed centrally and control maintained from a central location. Also, an organisation can use telecommunications to collaborate with other companies such as their suppliers by using electronic data interchange or web-based e-procurement with partners. One of the main advantages of using telecommunication is improving the communications within and outside a business. Due to poor communication, diseconomies of scale maybe appear where there is too much information to deal with at the same time and leading to some information are being ignore. This will then increase the cost per unit and may pull down the shareholder’s interest and may lead to a business failure. Also Electronic business (e-business) and Electronic commerce (e-commerce) are also included in the telecommunication, where the term e-business is credited by the former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner. E-business involves several key activities: improving business processes, enhancing communications and providing the means to carry out business transactions securely. And e-commerce is not only a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks also e-commerce encompasses the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing, and paying for products and services transacted on internetworked, global marketplaces of customers, with the support of a worldwide network of business partners. (James A.O’Brien, management information systems. P.284). A great example of e-business and e-commerce is ASOS.com, ASOS is the UK’s largest online-only fashion and beauty store. ASOS is a global online fashion and beauty retailer and offers over 50000 branded and own label product lines across women wear, menswear footwear, accessories and jewelry. ASOS has websites targeting the UK, USA, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Australia and also ships to over 190 other countries from its central distribution in the UK. (Online, Available at: http://www.asosannualreport2008.com/Doc/pdf/AnnualReport2008.pdf). Without a single shop, they able to automating many of the administrative tasks associated with ordering, supplying and delivering goods, therefore the cost of a typical business transaction can be reduced significantly. Also, due to operating their business through internet, they are able to operating at any time of the year, this then lead them to have an advantage of having a much flexible time and place to sell their products than the tradition international organisation such as Topshop. However, is there only advantage of using AIS and telecommunicating accounting information for organisation to operate globally? Is there anything stopping organisations using it? Yes, is the answer. There is no question that the uses of information technology in an organisation presents major security challenges, poses serious ethical questions, and affect society in significant ways. (James A.O’Brien, Management information systems, p.439). Computer crime is a growing threat to society caused by the criminal or irresponsible actions of individuals who are taking advantage of the widespread use and vulnerability of computers and the internet and other networks. Also, natural disasters can also be a great risk to a system. All information systems are susceptible to damage caused by natural phenomena, such as storm, lighting strikes, floods and earthquakes. For example, in Japan and the United States took the great care to protect critical information system from the effect of earthquakes. There are five major categories of controls that can be applied to information systems. There are: physical protection, biometric controls, telecommunications controls, failure controls and auditing. (khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 627) Physical protection is simple, this involves the use of physical barriers intended to protect against theft and unauthorized access. Lock, barriers and security chains are examples of this form of control. Secondly, biometric controls, these type of controls make use of the unique characteristics of individuals in order to restrict access to sensitive information or equipment, this can be achieve by using scanners that can check finger-prints, voice prints or even retinal patterns. Thirdly, the telecommunications controls, this type of control involve identity of a particular user. Common type of communications controls includes passwords and user validation routines. As an example, when a new network account is created for a given user, they may be asked to supply several pieces of personal information. The fourth control is failure control, failure controls attempt to limit or avoid damage by the failture of an information system. Typical examples include recovery procedures and regular backups of data. The last type of control is auditing, Auditing involves taking stock of procedures, hardware, software and data at regular intervals. With regard to software and data, audits can be carried out automatically with an appropriate program. Auditing software works by scanning the hard disk drives of any computers, terminals and servers attached to a network system. In conclusion, we can see that organisation have to be carefully managed with their AIS and information due to natural disasters and individuals who are taking advantage of the widespread use and vulnerability of computers, because if you don’t take care of your accounting information system, others will take care of it for you. But if can be carefully manage, we can say that computerising accounting information systems (AIS) and telecommunicating accounting information over the web can actually help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally, with great example of ASOS. References: 1. Borthick, A.F.; Clark, R.L. (1990). Making accounting information systems work: An empirical investigation of the creative thinking paradigm. Journal of information System, p. 48-62 2. Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology. Page. 284) 3. (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 571) 4. (Online, Available at: http://www.asosannualreport2008.com/Doc/pdf/AnnualReport2008.pdf) 5. (James A.O’Brien, Seventh edition, Management information systems, p.439) 6. (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 627)

Caravaggio’s The Denial of St. Peter

Caravaggios The Denial of St. Peter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In approximately 1610, Michelangelo Merisi, referred to today as Caravaggio by virtue of his hometown, painted his The Denial of Saint Peter, an oil-on-canvas depiction of St. Peter’s renunciation of Jesus and disavowal that he was a disciple of Christ. Though it passed through the hands of several cardinals over the centuries,[1] the work itself was not commissioned by any religious authority, and was entirely conceived by Caravaggio. It currently is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most important aspect of the work stems from its era: Caravaggio painted in the early Baroque period, a time in art largely focused on emotion, drama, and realism in the portrayal of humanity, as opposed to the idealized, somewhat emotionless scenes of the Renaissance.[2] The Denial of Saint Peter is a prime example of this trend, for, as opposed to depicting idealized human forms in a heavily structured and adorned setting, it portrays jus t three figures, all of whom are imperfect, human, and express clearly visible emotion. While Caravaggio’s subject matter is far from unique, his distinctive approach toward its illustration is revolutionary with respect to earlier Renaissance art; of course, it resembles other works from the Baroque period, which Caravaggio himself helps to usher in. The drama and emotional anguish of Caravaggio’s work is apparent even upon first glance. Upon examining the figures in the work, we see that Saint Peter is far from flawless and virtuous; instead, he is easily intimidated by a soldier as he frantically distances himself from Christ, pointing at himself incredulously as if to appear utterly surprised at the notion that he is somehow associated with Jesus. Peter lacks the saintly character attributed to Biblical figures in earlier works, for he has deeply furrowed brows and looks pale and sickly in the harsh light shining on him-in fact, he more closely resembles a cowardly man eager to appear common and nondescript. The woman and the soldier have powerful emotional elements in their depictions as well-the soldier appears threatening, seemingly warning Peter of the consequences of allying with Christ, while the woman bears a stern expression that signals her certainty of Peter’s solidarity with Jesus. Finally, the sheer size of the figures is noteworthy, for it places all emphasis on them and on no other point in the painting. Caravaggio’s stylistic effects, in addition to the figures’ expressions, also lend the painting a dramatic air. The first and most obvious such technique is his use of lighting: specifically, the work has extreme contrasts between light and dark, which, due to their harsh appearance, convey an almost theatrical impression to the viewer. In fact, Peter’s head is fully and strongly illuminated, while the soldier’s visage, though just opposite his, is barely visible; the woman’s face, furth ermore, is alternately obscured and lit-with little or no attempt to mediate the two extremes. This consistent use of dramatic lighting, which in this case radiates only from the left of the painting, is termed â€Å"chiaroscuro†; in fact, Caravaggio used it so often that his version of the technique is labeled â€Å"tenebrism.†[3] The effect that these techniques have on a work is profound, for they create a powerful sense of tension in the piece because of their stark, almost jarring appearance. In The Denial of St. Peter, this effect is quite noticeable, for by illuminating Peter, but not the soldier, the sense that Peter is being interrogated and pressured becomes heightened; it is almost as if a spotlight is on him, coercing him into giving a reply.

Financial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Accounting - Assignment Example Although the companys liquidity position has improved from 2010 to 2012, the company should take further measures to improve its liquidity positions so that the short term obligations can be paid of whenever they are due. The profitability ratios are used to gauge the overall profitability of a company relative to its level of sales. The operating profit margin of the company registered an increase from 27.47% in 2010 to 31.98% in 2012. The operating profit increased on account of considerable decrease in the unusual expenses of the company. This shows that the overall operational efficiency of the company has not improved and the increase in operating margin is the result of a decrease in unusual expenses of the company. Profit margin of the company witnessed a considerable increase from 11.09% in 2010 to 18.22% in 2012. The increase in operating profits of the company translated into better net profit of the company. Return on assets and return on equity of the company also showed signs of improvement on the back of an increase in the companys overall net income. BEP ratio remained relatively stable in 2012 at 10.37% as compared to 10.49% in 2011. The debt management ratios helps in assessing the mix of companys debt relative to equity. Higher amount of debt on the balance sheet can be risky for the company as it has to make the fixed interest payments to the debt holders. InBevs total debt to total assets fell from 50.45% in 2010 to 48.25% in 2011 and increased slightly to 48.41% in 2012. The companys total debt increased in 2012, however subsequent increase in total assets led to a stable total debt to total assets ratio. The asset management ratios helps in determining the efficiency of the assets in generating a companys revenues. The inventory turnover ratio of the company has shown slight improvement from 2010 to 2012. A steady increase in companys revenues along with subsequent increase in total inventory has led to a stable inventory ratio. This

Low culture and Street Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Low culture and Street Art - Essay Example By formal definition, â€Å"street art† pertains to visual art performed and generated in public spaces especially on streets that may be viewed by the greater population and which may consist of graffiti artwork, street photography, sculpture, multimedia-based public art, guerrilla art, street paintings and poster designs with slogan, sticker art, as well as other creations that can find association with artistic endeavor that yields civic exposure and appreciation. Such denotation reflects how street art is treated in response to its primary aim under a variety of approach and themes as diverse as cultures and genres that bear impact upon the minds of street artists. Eventually, prominent street art figures across half the century prior to the second millennium beginning with the 70s to the present like C. Sherman, B. Kruger, K. Haring, J. Shabazz, and B. Cunningham have, in a way or the other, liberated art to a degree that it reaches out to establish connection with the he art of human nature. As an artists who functions on a conceptual framework, Barbara Kruger imparts a postmodern vision of public artistry via the power of black, white, and red in layered photography though she confesses â€Å"I feel uncomfortable with the term public art, because I’m not sure what it means; if it means what I think it does, then I don’t do it.† Kruger’s works are characteristic of collage between images and captions carrying bold depictions of truth typically of the issues dealing with individualism.

Current Trends and Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Trends and Services - Essay Example Current Trends in Workforce Recruitment Workforce recruiting is crucial to every organization and company as it brings with it new technology and more productivity. One of the current trends in workforce recruiting is the increased rate at which people tend to find new jobs after almost every three years. Currently, it is also important that one becomes computer literate and upgrade their skills in line with the current technology. While recruiting their workforce, the employers look for someone who is capable of keeping up with the market trend. For instance, a software developer should be aware of the changes in software development that are occurring at a phenomenal rate. Another trend in workforce recruitment is the overwhelming number of women who have entered and are fruitfully climbing the corporate ladder (Hankin, 2005). Moreover, there is an upcoming trend whereby smaller businesses are recruiting more workforces as opposed to bigger companies. This can be attributed to the increased growing rate of technology. Current Trends in the Payroll Management Payroll management is an important part of every company hence most companies are always striving for better effectiveness in their payroll management. Various trends have occurred in payroll management. ... This service sector has also adopted trends such as singe disbursement per pay cycle and circumventing of cycle payments that are done through investigation and eradication of errors. Currently, most companies are able to process payroll which include all required tax expenses, deductions and produce reports for their employees. Current Trends in the Accounting Services Currently in the accounting services there is more emphasis to shift from general accepted accounting standards to the international financial reporting standards. Changes in revenue recognition methodology have also taken place recently. This affects how particular sectors determine revenue recognition. This has significantly affected the construction industry. Current Trends in Call Center Functions One of the trends embraced today in the call center functions is the transition from traditional call center to multichannel contact center. There is also the integration of the current wide range of data and media chann els thus establishing a unified call center environment as stated by Friginal (2009). This environment includes: multichannel services on joined networks; IP networks and IP-supported voice application; and Customer Relations Management and business applications. Today a customer interaction network is founded in an IP-supported architecture that upholds a constantly changing set of multichannel services. This environment includes: multichannel services on joined networks; IP networks and IP-supported voice application; and Customer Relations Management and business applications. Today a customer interaction network is founded in an IP-supported architecture that upholds a constantly

Jesus true prayer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jesus true prayer - Assignment Example Aside from praying the â€Å"Our Father†, one also follows Jesus’ advice in Matthew 6.6 which states that â€Å"pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly† (Matthew 6, n.d., p. 1). One prays using what one intends to relay to the Father through own words and in a parallel way that a child seeks to communicate to one’s own biological father. One could improve one’s prayer life through observing and practicing Jesus’ advice and recommendation for the true prayer by first acknowledging adoration to God, the Father and the provider and Omnipotent God, who governs one’s path and life. One should recognize that prayer assists in overcoming daily challenges and exemplifies communicating to God in terms of appreciating receiving blessings and graces and acknowledging that we need protection from harm. Also, the message of forgiveness must be ingrained in our daily life as the ethics of reciprocity must be of primary importance as a secret to a happy and peaceful

Gendered Eating Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gendered Eating - Coursework Example The gender of the person behind the real food preparation matters in cooking and food preferences. Recently, I noted that even in communities that regard woman’s real place as the kitchen, men will still prefer being served by a man in a restaurant. This, to me means that the man in the hotel is preferred than the woman, while, at home, a woman has the responsibility of preparing food for the family. Further, this can also be interpreted to mean that professionally, men are the considered to be better cooks while women are more involved with the behind the curtains preparations and writings. In line with the cooking responsibility bestowed on the women from traditions, their experience in the field is significant, their involvement in instructional cooking ascertains their legitimate position. However, the men are considered to be better in arts than women are. This makes them more visible and relevant when it comes to the real activity of cooking. Therefore, cooking art is dominated by men while the women occupy an even more important position of teachers and instructors. Regardless of who appears with the food on your table, multiple players have been

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trifles by Susan Glaspell - Essay Example Wright as the main suspect, they cannot establish the motive why she wanted her husband dead. When the men left the women downstairs, as the women wandered about the cheerless house, they discovered what the men didn’t discover proving that the perspective of men and women about certain things are very different. The women realized how Mrs. Wright must have felt about her marriage and about her role in the house. The different things in the house actually symbolize how Mrs. Wright felt with her marriage. The jars of preserves crack under extreme cold temperature. This symbolizes the coldness of the Wright marriage. As the marriage grew cold, both cracked under pressure and eventually breaking the sanity of Mrs. Wright leading her to kill her husband. The last jar remaining intact that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters want to give to Mrs. Wright, who was in prison, symbolizes the last hope remaining for Mrs. Wright retention of her sanity. The story also presents the status of women w ithin the society. Women are caged within the bounds of marriage, being slaves to their husbands. The bird in the cage symbolizes Mrs. Wright and her caged feeling within the marriage. The cage stands for the caged freedom of women when it comes to marriage. Mrs. Wright is described as a happy and cheerful woman before she got married. After her marriage, she began losing her cheerful self. The bird became her only link to her past self, but when her husband killed the bird, it seemed like he killed herself too. The dead bird was the missing motive. When the female characters hid the dead bird and its box, it was an act of rebellion against the patriarchal society. They understood why Mrs. Wright killed and they wanted to protect their kind from being discriminated even more. Even if they knew that she should be punished for the crime she did, they questioned who would have punished Mr. Wright for what he did to his wife. The method of killing Mr. Wright further emphasizes the desir e of women to be as equal as men. Strangling is a method of killing which requires strength. It was an unusual method of killing used by a woman as women are known not to have as much strength as men. But in this story, Glaspell allowed Mrs. Wright to kill her husband by knotting a rope around his neck. This establishes the need for women to become strong as men, if not physically, strength of the mind and the heart. When Glaspell wrote Trifles in 1916, the society was dominated by males. Women are struggling to find an equal stand in the society. Women are denied the right to vote and their roles in the workplace are severely limited. Women’s roles are concentrated on child-bearing, child-rearing and household management. Glaspell’s Trifles emphasizes the desire of women to rise up to the devaluation and discrimination they are experiencing within the society. It bears a radical perspective, that women can have the same strength as men, that women can do the same thin gs as men, and that women can band together to fight the inequality and discrimination they are experiencing. For men, women’s things and activities, such as housework and quilt-making, are mere trifles, things of no great value. And this is where the investigation reaches a dead end. Since they don’t see things as women do, they fail to see that the trifles are major evidences enough to establish the guilt and motive of Mrs. Wright. Men’s undervaluation of women actually created a void, a hole in the men’

Externalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Externalities - Essay Example , implications will be generated regarding whether Profit Ltd should embrace upon changes due to consideration of externalities or it should attempt to resist the change with the help of lobby groups. The objective of this research paper is to incorporate comprehensive understanding of the concept of externalities and various issues in relation to regulations towards externalities. Externalities occur when the producers or consumers of goods and services unintentionally create indirect impacts upon other producers or consumers of goods and services (Zilberman, 1999). Externality is such an aspect of the economy that although it does not depict any monetary effect upon the producers or consumers of goods and services but bears an impact upon the society’s standard of living. Most of the economists consider externalities to be a market failure. This is because upon the occurrence of externalities, the market prices do not represent the actual marginal costs or benefits coupled with the goods and services dealt with in the market. The concept of externalities can be prominently associated with the activities related to production or consumption or both. Both production as well as consumption externalities occur when the respective activities of production and consumption of one individual inflicts costs and benefits towards the other individuals that are n ot spread precisely in the course of various market operations (Zilberman, 1999). Externalities can be either positive or negative. Positive externalities occur when the individuals’ actions generate benefits for the other individuals. The concept of positive externalities can be best understood through citing the example of technological overrun. The positive externalities in this regard occur when an invention of a firm benefits the entire society due to the technological up gradation along with the firm. On the other hand, negative externalities occur when the action of one individual generates harmful

Relativistic Theory of Ethics Essay Example for Free

Relativistic Theory of Ethics Essay One relativistic theory of ethics is situationism. Situationism (also known as situation ethics) was devised by Joseph Fletcher, who was strongly against absolutist theories for instance; legalism and also disliked how religions were taught implying there were some rules that could never be broken, as he thought these rules are too demanding and restrictive. He then created this theory of situation ethics which is seen as the ‘mid way’ because it lies between antinomianism and legalism. Antinomianism is very anti law whilst legalism emphasises the important of law. However, situationism lies between the two as Fletcher was very enthused by making a decision on individual situations. Situation ethics maintains that it’s the consequences of actions which determine whether an action is right or wrong, so it is very much a consequentialist position. Situationists enter each decision making situation with ethical maxims of their community and culture, each they treat with respect. Fletcher proposed that not only the situation guides an individual on what they should do but also the principle of agape (love). In Fletcher’s book he suggests that Christians should make the right choices without blindly following rules but rather by thinking for themselves. Decisions should be made on the sole basis of one rule – agape. Such love involves doing the best thing possible for the other party involved. So maxims could be ignored if they don’t serve agape, for example if a priest is presented by a young lady who is having underage promiscuous sex, the right thing to do would be to insist the young lady uses contraception. This is because the most loving thing to do for the other person is to ensure she is safe. For the situationist the rule of agape is always right. Fletcher created 4 working principles which outlined how situation ethics works. The first one is pragmatism, which states that what you propose must work in practice. Second is relativism, so Fletcher eliminates words like ‘always’, ‘never’, and ‘absolute’. He states there are no objective rules but all decisions must be relative to agape. Thirdly is positivism, which states a value judgement needs to be made, giving the first place to love. Finally – personalism, people are put in first place; morality is personal and not centred on laws, this emphasises the idea that morality is relative to situations. Fletcher put forward 6 propositions which also aid the theory. The first proposition is â€Å"only one thing is intrinsically good; namely love; nothing else at all† Thus, only love is good in itself; action aren’t intrinsically good or evil. Instead they are good or evil dependent on whether they promote the most loving result. Fletcher rejects any statements like â€Å"Adultery is wrong† as the circumstances are always different, and sometimes it may be right for adultery to take place. The second proposition is â€Å"the ruling norm of Christian decision is love, nothing else† Fletcher claims Jesus replaced the Torah with love, also the Ten Commandments are not absolute even Jesus broke them when love demanded it. Love replaces law. The third proposition is that justice will follow from love, because ‘justice is love distributed’. If love is put into practice it can only result in justice. Fourth is that love has no favourites and does not give whom we like preferential treatment. â€Å"Love wills the neighbour’s whether we like him or not† The fifth fundamental principle, love must be the final end, not a means to an end. For Fletcher, the end must be the most loving result. Finally the sixth proposition is that the most loving thing to do will depend on the situation and since situations differ, you can’t say an action will be right in every situation. Fletcher, the good result is that which serves agape love best. Any action that leads to that end is right.

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essay a) Outline two psychological theories of aggression (12 marks) b) Evaluate two theories of aggression that you outlined in part a) in terms of relevant research studies (12 marks) a) Outline and evaluate two psychological theories of aggression (24 marks) Aggression is an example of anti-social behaviour. It has been defined as any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such harm. Social Psychological theories of aggression These explain aggression as a result of social interactions Social Learning Theory (SLT) One of the most influential theories of aggression is the Social Learning theory put forward by Bandura (1973). The nature of the theory suggests human aggression is learned either through direct experience or by observing aggressive behaviour in other people i. e. indirect experience. Bandura produced two assumptions in relation to the social learning theory. He stated that if a child acts aggressively against another child and as a result gets what they want, their aggressive behaviour has been reinforced. This is an example of learning by direct experience, derived from the principles of the traditional learning theory; operant and classical conditioning. Secondly, he stated that if a child observes another person behaving in an aggressive manner, they may imitate that behaviour them selves, particularly if they see the model reinforced for behaving in that way. This is an example of vicarious experience. Results from Banduras studies have shown that children are more likely to imitate models if they are similar to themselves, have some kind of status or who are seen to be rewarded for their actions. He also applied these factors to his Social Learning theory. Bobo Doll study Bandura (1961) Support for the Social Learning theory comes from studies using Bobo dolls (an inflatable toy). This was conducted by Bandura et al (1961). He carried out a study where Nursery school children watched a film where an adult model behaved aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The adult model displayed some distinctive physical acts of aggression, for example kicking it and using verbal aggression such as Pow! Following this, the children were taken to a room and shown attractive toys that they were forbidden to play with. This created a sense of frustration within the children. They were then taken to a room containing a Bobo doll and other toys and were then rated for the amount of aggression they showed. Bandura found that children in the aggressive condition reproduced the physical and verbal behaviours modelled by the adult. In contrast children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression towards the doll. This shows that children can acquire aggressive behaviours from watching the actions of others. Evidence that supports the Social Learning Theory Further research evidence has been carried out in relation to aggression which supports Banduras theory. Silvern and Williamson (1987) investigated the effect video games have on aggression. They found that aggression levels in children increased after playing violent games. This suggests that this was due to imitation or modelling. However, the study lacks validity because it only identifies short term aggression, not long term aggression therefore, it does not prove any permanent effects. Furthermore, Margeret and Mead (1935) studied aggression in relation to cross cultural differences. She studied three New Gunea tribes and found that each tribe behaved different in terms of aggressive tendencies. This suggests that the fact that some societies were more aggressive than others supports the role of social learning in aggression. However, the fact that the men were relatively more aggressive in each society suggests that some aspects of aggression are biologically determined. Evidence that challenges the Social Learning Theory However, this theory has been challenged by a number of psychologists. Johnston et al (1977) carried out another study in which he found that children who behaved most aggressively towards the doll were the ones rated by the teachers as most violent generally. Also, Durkin (1995) suggested that Bandura made no distinguish between aggressive behaviour and play fighting. These studies therefore suggest that the findings from the Bobo Doll study lack reliability. In addition, the study has ethical issues as it encourages aggression in children. Furthermore, the situation is unlike a lot of real-life modeling as hitting a doll is no the same as hitting a person. This leads to the assumption that Bandura over exaggerated the extent to which children imitate the behaviour of models. This also leads to the criticism that the study lacks ecological validity due to its artificial setting; therefore the results may not apply to real life. Also, some critics argue that the children were manipulated into responding to the aggressive movie. This was because the children were teased and became aggressive because they could not touch the toys. Finally, there is a problem that the study suffers from high demand characteristics due to the children being given cues how to behave, resulting in the participants to behave in certain predictable ways. Alternative theories Alternative social psychological theories of aggression have also been produced, challenging the idea that aggression is solely based upon imitation, modelling and reinforcement. Deindividuation theory One of these is the Deindividuation theory proposed by Zimbardo (1969). Deindividuation refers to the loss of a sense of personality identity that can occur when we are for example, in a large crowd or wearing a mask. We then become more likely to engage in anti-social, un-socialised behaviour. Zimbardo (1969) distinguished between individual behaviour, which conforms to acceptable social standards, and deindividuated behaviour, which does not conform to societys social norms. He claimed that people dont normally act aggressively because they are easily identifiable in societies that have strong norms against aggressive behaviour. Being anonymous (and therefore effectively unaccountable) in a crowd has the consequence of reducing inner restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited. According to Zimbardo, being in part of a crowd can reduce awareness of our own individuality. In a large crowd, each person is faceless and anonymous (so the larger the group, the greater the anonymity), reducing the fear of negative evaluation of our actions and a diminishing the sense of guilt. Therefore, individuals feel less constrained by the norms of social behaviour and as a result, they may be more inclined to act in an anti-social way. This is supported by Mann (1981) who found evidence of Deindividuation in the baiting crowd (crowds who frequently baited a potential suicide victim to jump). Mann found that baiting increased under conditions which increased the anonymity of the crowd (e. g. numbers, darkness and distance from the victim). This therefore supports the claim that deindividuation increases aggressive behaviour. The deindividuation theory is also supported by Zimbardo (1969) who left abandoned cars in New York and a small town in California. He found the abandoned car in the big city was stripped and vandalised very quickly whereas the one in the small town was left alone. This suggests that the larger the group, the more anonymous the individual is and, consequently, the more extreme the antisocial behaviour becomes. Futhermore, Zimbardo (1963) conducted a study specifically to demonstrate the effects of deindividuation on aggression. Participants were asked to shock a confederate. Some were deindividuated (wore a hood, no names were used and they sat in a dimly lit room) and others were easily identifiable (they wore name tags and sat in a bright room). The findings showed that the deindividuated students administered the most shocks, i. e. were most aggressive, suggesting that deindividuation plays a role in producing anti-social behaviour. However, the major difficulty with using Deindividuation as an explanation for aggression is the fact that it does not always lead to aggression. In some circumstances it can lead to high levels of pro-social behaviour, for example wearing a nurses uniform. Overall Evaluation Overall, the Social learning theory can account for the fact that a persons aggressive behaviour may not be consistent across different situations. It may be reinforced in some situations, but punished in others (context-dependant learning). Furthermore, studies carried out into video games and aggressions are consistent with the Social Learning theory. However, alternative explanations such as the biological explanation (e. g. levels of testosterone are linked to aggressive behaviour) challenge the view that social learning is the primary causal factor in aggression. In addition, the social learning theory is limited in scope because aggression doesnt just depend on observational learning. This is supported by cross cultural evidence which demonstrates that some aspects of aggression are innate. Effects of environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour Use for: Describe and evaluate research (theories or studies) into the effects of two or more environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour (24 marks) A number of environmental factors have been identified as triggers for aggression. Some of these possible environmental features are temperature, overcrowding and noise.

Prejudice and racism

Prejudice and racism How do the writers Nadine Gordimer and Mildred Taylor explore prejudice and racism in different cultures? Both writers explore racism and prejudice in their books, but you can spot racism and prejudice in one book much quicker. Both writers show how racism affects not only black people but also the whole of society and your family. Both stories are set in different locations and have different affects on the people and society. Racism is shown in different ways in both stories. â€Å"Country Lovers† is set in South Africa, during the time of apartheid. â€Å"The Gold Cadillac† is set in North America and a black family goes down to South America and face a new experience. The new experience they face is racism and it affects the family in many ways. â€Å"Country Lovers† is written by Nadine Gordimer, it is written in 3rd person, while â€Å"Gold Cadillac† is written in 1st person. Both view points are effective. The 3rd person view point shows us an unbiased and direct view of what is happening, without any interference. The 1st person view point in â€Å"The Gold Cadillac† is also very affective as you are seeing out of the eyes of a young child, whom doesnt understand racism and its affects. We see quite clearly the reaction of the little girl when she doesnt understand what is being said. In â€Å"Country Lovers†, the black children play together with the white children, at a very young age. This is because the pressure of racism in the society doesnt influence small children as they are still young. However, when the white children go to school ‘they soon dont play together anymore. This shows us that racism is already starting to spread even though the children have only started to go to school now. This is due to the fact that the society is evolving around these children and the ‘vocabulary of boarding school has brain-washed them into believing that white people are the masters and black people are the servants. The black children start calling their former playmates ‘missus and baasie this is described as an ‘easy transition but surely it cant be due to the fact that their body is changing as well as their minds. Black children are turning into teenagers and they feel that calling their former playmates ‘missus and baasie is a normal transformation for every black person. In â€Å"The Gold Cadillac† on the other hand we can acknowledge the fact that not all black people are inferior to white people. Racism is better concealed in â€Å"The Gold Cadillac†. We dont know if the family is black or not until we reach line 166, where ‘Lois father says he wants to go down to Mississippi with the ‘fine car. Mr. Pondexter says ‘Not much those folks hate moren to see a northern Negro coming down the in a fine car. Although, the text only reveals the fact that they are black but we have been given clues on the speech and dialect by ‘Lois. Wilbert doesnt change his mind even though he was told it was too dangerous for a black man to go down South even though he was told they would ‘lynch you. The word ‘lynch sent a shiver through ‘Lois and her sister even though they dont know about racism. By this we can see how racism in the north has not affected the two black girls at all. The educational system started with both white and black children in primary education where they spoke local dialect and then after that the white children went to secondary education, where they learnt Standard English and the black children went to work, on farms of the white people, and they learnt the language of authority and how to obey it. Immorality Act 1950 1985 was one of the first Apartheid laws in South Africa. It attempted to forbid all sexual relations between whites and non-whites. In 1949, interracial marriages had been banned by the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act. This law is to separate black and white. This caused trouble for Paulus Eysendyck and Thebedi (two main characters in this story) as they were secretly in a relationship between a white boy and black girl (which was against the Immorality Act). ‘She had to get away before the house servants who knew her, came in at dawn. This shows the compassion and determination to keep their relationship ongoing. The only relationship that can be between blacks and whites is servant and master, no other relationship is permitted under the legal laws of South Africa. Families have to stick together and also stick together with friends. In â€Å"The Gold Cadillac†, the dad of ‘Lois decided to go all alone to Mississippi but was then persuaded to go down there all together, so that they were stronger to tackle racism and prejudice believes and views. A group of people are mentally and physically stronger than one person all alone and with no one to back him/her up with. They were leaving to go down South to Mississippi. In the second paragraph of â€Å"Country Lovers† it said ‘The first holiday after he had gone to boarding school he brought home for Thebedi a painted box he had made in his wood work class. Here we can see how he developed their relationship even though they havent been in contact for a while. He couldnt give the box directly to Thebedi because ‘he had nothing for the other children in the kraal. Thebedi is shown to be inferior to Paulus, ‘He told her, each time when they would meet again. This clearly shows that Paulus has all the power in the relationship and that is controlling the inferior Thebedi. Thebedi doesnt say a single word; this shows the effect or racism and how racism and authority made them believe they were servants had set into their minds and also that they had no control of whether or not to do what is being told. To me in this part of the story it just seems like an affair not like love at all. The family enters South America and they soon start noticing sign like ‘WHITE ONLY, COLOURED NOT ALLOWED. This distracts ‘Lois and she doesnt understand what these signs meant or why they were there. They began to see South America in a different view, the racist view. In â€Å"Country Lover†, Paulus and Thebedi meet on a very hot day at the river bed side. They just sit there at first without talking or anything. Paulus seems to be evolving around the beautiful nature. Nadine Gordimer portrays their meeting and sex as a natural occurrence when she puts it alongside such a beautiful environment, next to the water flow. This just gives us a sense of reality and the richness of this love is seen. ‘he was surprised and she was surprised by it too, they didnt know it could be so lovely and the nature just seems to evolve around both of them. Nadine Gordimer is making a direct remark against the prejudice that black people are ugly and white being the only beautiful colour. This scene also shows the immodesty of the white girls as they are seen in ‘bikinis but Thebedi is shown as ‘her dress bunched modestly. This shows how modest Thebedi is and that she doesnt want to be tricked into believing things to quickly. She is looking o ut for herself. Nadine Gordimer compares this to the cheap plastic relationship they had had in Paulus house when ‘the Mercedes drove away. She portrays as it is much better to have a relationship in the nature. A police car comes and stops the Wilbert family in the Southern States and he ‘eyeballs the car. The police officer call Mr. Wilbert ‘boy which you can see is prejudice as he is already looking down at him. Without asking any questions, the white police man asks whose car it is and Mr. Wilbert tells him its his. But the police officer accuses Mr Wilbert of lying. As you can see the real prejudice of white people is coming out and you can see how they are treating him. This is the real first time ‘Lois has feared this much because she never has felt the full on effects of racism and prejudice acts. The family had lost their relatives or they would have not been enquired by the policeman like this. The policeman would have thought twice about pulling over this car. Njabulo was married to Thebedi but Thebedi didnt tell a single word to Paulus about this and this was the end of their unlawful relationship. A baby was born within two months after their marriage and this was not a shame because it was custom for the husband to check if his wife is not ‘barren. The baby however was mixed race, so Paulus ends up killing the baby. Thebedi took this case to court, which was the first time she went outside the farm. She claimed he had murdered the baby. Paulus claimed his innocence; Thebedi was becoming weaker, ‘she cried hysterically. As time was passing, she couldnt control her emotions. It was up to Njabulo to protect her and give her confidence but on the second trial of the court, Thebedi doesnt say anything. This can be reasoned to the fact that she has accepted the death of her baby and that live always moves on. Wilbert had been released and he decided to go back, he kept on going out of the southern states but he was getting very tired, so he pulled into a grove of trees and fell asleep. ‘Lois on the other hand was terrified and couldnt fall to sleep. She was so scared and she wanted to protect her family. ‘I took hold of it, she was so scared that she had taken hold of a ‘sharp knife and she was ‘ready to strike. The Cadillac is brand new and gold in colour. It shows that the black family who owns it is no longer poor and downtrodden. The car highlights the conflict in the story. There are two main areas of conflict in the family and in society as a whole. Racism effects people in many ways and many people havent felt the full on effect of racism but the reaction we get from Mr Wilbert and Thebedi is acceptance of racism. Both of them get affected by racism. ‘Lois had felt a strong force called racism at a young age so she will know what racism is and how it affects people, she will always remember it. Even though ‘Lois mum said Wilbert could keep the car, Mr. Wilbert went out and sold the car and came back home walking. All the neighbours thought he had lost most his money but this was not the reason, the reason was to pull his family together again. So they were the closest family. The death of the mixed race baby was not all the fault of Paulus it was the fault of Thebedi as well. She knew what he was going to do, but she didnt stop him. She just stood outside waiting for him to finish. She never went to look at the baby on that day. She had accepted it. If she had stopped him, she would have had a baby now but she had accepted that life was life and that racism and prejudice was everywhere in South Africa. Mr. Wilbert could have also ceased the opportunity tom not show ‘Lois what racism was like, but he didnt and she felt the full on effect of racism and also did he. Here we see racism affects man, woman, boy, girl and even a baby. Racism and prejudice views affect everyone. The Gold Cadillac causes conflict within the family. It impresses the local black community. It causes and exposes jealousy. The car provides a learning experience to Wilbert and ‘Lois who tackle racism for the first time. I think the car finally makes the family stronger and makes their bonds more rigid. Nadine Gordimer shows us how black people had been treated unfairly. She portrays racism to us directly as the script is in 3rd person. I have learnt that racism is all around us in this world. Even the minority of people in one country can affect the majority of people. Education is a key factor in society and in ways to tackle racism. Without education you are always inferior and will be seen as a servant. Both stories are perfect examples of racism and prejudice believes. I think both stories show the reader how racism is felt, but I feel that The Gold Cadillac has a stronger source for racism because Lois has told more from her narration. From ‘The Gold Cadillac Lois being a narrator helped me understand the story better because we can see how she feels when something happens, it looks like your just standing next to Lois when she narrates and I can see a better understanding of the text. In ‘Country Lovers I feel the story was more on love than racism. When Njabulo falls in love with Thebedi is another long paragraph on love. The Immortality act which represents ‘Country Lovers was quite a strong racial point. But still I believe ‘The Gold Cadillac revealed more racism.

Leadership Mid Term :: Free Essay Writer

Leadership Mid Term Midterm Examination The most important thing in a group is to get the job done. Many things can help or hinder the groups overall productivity. There are three things all groups must be conscious of, group development, group think and leadership teams. All these areas determine weather a group will sink or swim, while completing the task. The first and most important is group development. Group development is something that every group must go through. It is easily explained by using Cog’s Ladder of group development, five stages of group development: Polite, why were here, bid for power, constructive, and Esprit. These stages outline the path that all groups go through to form their identity. The way your group develops can often determine your actions and your comparative status amongst the other group members. (notes) The first stage is POLITE this happens when you are first placed into a group, everyone is trying to avoid conflict. All people in this stage just want to be liked and feel accepted in the group. The next stage is WHY WERE HERE when the group actually takes a look at the task in front of them. People a generally nice to each other -- a time of exploration. Third is the BID FOR POWER Cliques battle individuals in the attempt to impose their ideas on the rest of the group. This is a time of much confusion amongst group members as they try to find out who is the best person to take orders from. The next stage is the CONSTRUCTIVE stage. In this stage there is a huge attitude change and people begin to give up their need for power and start concentrating on their goal. At this point there are many offered solutions by all group members. The last stage is Esprit here there is a lot of high moral and group loyalty. In this stage the group is tight, they have over looked personal differenc es, completely focusing on the task. An outsider at this point has the potential of destroying the well developed group. (notes) When forming a group it is important to include everyone right off the bat. Receiving good input from everyone is key to group development. Everyone in the group must respect and get along with the other members in order to provide substantial progress. Groupthink is a trap that all groups must attempt to avoid.

The Importance of Time in Shakespeares The Winters Tale Essay

The Importance of Time in The Winter's Tale    Leon. No foot shall stir. Paul. Music, awake her; strike! [Music] Tis time; descend; be stone no more; approach; Strike all that look upon with marvel. Come! I'll fill your grave up: stir, nay, come away: Bequeath to death your numbness; for from him Dear life redeems you. You perceive she stirs: --The Winter's Tale (V.iii.98-103)    Unlike most of Shakespeare's earlier plays, The Winter's Tale moves from tragedy to comedy. The disastrous consequences of Leontes' jealousy and tyranny are resolved by the passing of time. Only after sixteen years can the two royal families come together again. Time also plays a significant role in the reading of the chosen passage. The passage is full of commas, colons, semi-colons, and periods, which force the lines to be slowed and pausing. The frequent punctuations draw the reader's attention to time and its effects on the words being spoken by the characters. The scansion of the passage illustrates Shakespeare's mastery of time as he manipulates the rhythm of the lines using varying foots and meters. Time seems to be the crucial element in not only the scansion of this passage, but in the development of the play as a whole.    Line ninety-eight begins with a half-line consisting of only two feet, "No foot shall stir." The brevity of the line and the slowness of the opening spondee help to create the tension before Paulina attempts to summon the statue of Hermione. Leontes wants everyone to stand still while Paulina tries to give life to the statue. He says, "No foot shall stir" (98). Meanwhile, the metrical feet in line ninety-eight do "stir" as the pentameter is broken up into two ha... ...vidual from imminent danger. When time is misused or misjudged, as seen in Leontes' hasty accusations and also in Antigonus' tardiness in returning to the ship, Time can lead to utter destruction.    Works Cited Gomez, Michelle. "A History of Clocks." Online posting. 4 Mar. 2001. Shakespeare, William. The Winter's Tale. Ed. J.H.P. Pafford. London: Routledge, 1994. Works Consulted Bloom, Harold. The Winter's Tale (Modern Critical Interpretations). Chelsea House Publishers, 1992. Granville Barker's Prefaces to Shakespeare: A Midsummer Nights Dream: The Winter's Tale: The Tempest. Granville Barker. Heinemann, 1994. Innes, Sheila. The Winter's Tale (Cambridge School Shakespeare). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pyle, Fitzroy. The Winter's Tale: A Commentary on the Structure. New York: Routledge & Paul, 1969.   

Turtles Hatching :: essays research papers

Turtles Hatching The poem Mark O’Connor wrote â€Å"Turtles Hatching† at a time in his life when was closely studying nature. In this poem Mark O’Connor closely observes turtles hatching and contemplates the ritual that turtles share with the beach. This poem also has close connotations to life cycle and family. Mark O’Connor begins the poem with one single line which emphasis the information that he is giving the reader. The continuation of this line from the rest of the poem to the next without a pause creates an urgency, which is used to emphasis the situation. In the second stanza Mark O’Connor sets the scene as the turtles, â€Å"break through to twilight.† The poet uses imperatives and personification of the elements in the line, â€Å"Downhill, fast; when you hit water, swim.† This technique is used to let the reader into the turtle’s head so they can feel the instinct that is overcoming them. The poet uses lining in this poem to create stresses on words at the beginning of lines such as, ‘last, will be picked’. Creating a new line between last and will creates a tone of finality, which is associated with last. In the second stanza Mark O’Connor sums up the odds for the turtles notifying the reader of the terrible fact that only one in a hundred will survive. This is used as a shock treatment towards the reader, which makes this figure stand out even more. Mark O’Connor uses an extended metaphor that begins in the second stanza and returns again in the fourth. This technique is used to create a special prominence on the line â€Å"high-revving toys†. In the forth stanza the poet uses hyperboles like â€Å"castles and every hole an abyss,† to create vivid visual imagery emphasising the peril of the turtles situation. â€Å"Scrambling, sand, scrabbling, slime, sculling and sand pools† are examples of alliteration, which slows down the line when spoken. In this poem there are military contexts like â€Å"death lane† which portray through visual imagery images such as trench fighting. In the sixth stanza Mark O’Connor creates contrast between reality and the minds of the turtles, the line, â€Å"Caught in cracks† shows how they think they’re safe when really they’re not. Throughout this poem Mark O’Connor reinforces a biological imperative, which is shown through words such as, oceans, limbs and nature. This is used to create a friendly and informative tone. The seventh stanza is suddenly written as though a human voice has suddenly taken over and began reading the poem.

Reaction to Wendell Berry’s Out of Your Car, Off Your Horse Essay

While Wendell Berry’s essay is certainly thought-provoking, it was to a certain degree frustrating to read for me because I perceived it as a perfect example of good environmentalist intentions and a legitimate desire of finding alternatives to our unsustainable system which ultimately lead to an oversimplified and irrational utopian vision to be realized by pursuing just one path which shows esoteric traits. Berry’s idol is localism.  Surely, local economic structures are vital to environmentalist efforts if they actually help to reduce for example the Carbon footprint because fuel for transportation is saved. On the other hand, if consequently carried out, this strategy will backfire. Local farming will be more diverse but it certainly won’t be more productive. In a free, global market, farmers, if they have access to the necessary knowledge and equipment, will grow the food that is best suited to their soil and climate, thereby maximizing productivity and getting out more food on less space for less energy. This effect can and often does weigh heavier than short transportation, especially if this transportation is also carried out only on a small scale, leading to many small trucks delivering small amounts of food to countless small organic shops which do a good job on selling an ecologically peaceful mind but very poorly on actually saving the environment. Large scales might not fit to our romantic social ideals but more often than not, they are ecologically efficient More importantly, the question â€Å"What will this do to our community† is not the only important one. If this were true, then some people in Northern Siberia should probably start burning their fossil fuels like crazy. After all, they are often available in their neighborhood and global warming would certainly benefit their agricultural returns while their colleagues a few hundred miles South will suffer from extreme dearth. No, mutual dependency and its consequence, thinking globally, are a huge step forward, if it is flanked by serious consideration of local concerns.

Song: an Effective Technique and Material in Learning English

Song: An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English English has an important role in many aspects of life. This statement leads us to the reason of why this language should be taught in schools. In Indonesia, English is used as the first foreign language that should be learned by the students even from elementary school until university. In using the language, there are many elements that have to be mastered, covering reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Song refer to a piece of music that have words and can be used in language teaching.It is suggested to include songs in language learning as well. The possibility of using songs in English as a foreign language class has been actively considered for the last two decades. It is considered because songs have many values in language teaching. Orlova (2003), states that it is possible to suggest that among the methodological purposes that songs are used in class, it is possible to rank the following: 1. Practicing the rhy thm, stress and the intonation patterns of the English language. 2. Teaching vocabulary, especially in the vocabulary reinforcement stage 3.Teaching grammar. In this respect songs are especially favored by teachers while investigating the use of the tenses. 4. Teaching speaking. For this purpose, songs and mainly their lyrics are employed as a stimulus for class discussion 5. Teaching listening comprehension 6. Developing writing skills. For this purpose a song can be used in a variety of ways. From the songs, we can learn many things such as vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, writing, and of course reading. Benefit of Song Griffe (1992: 4) points out some advantages in using songs and music in the language classroom.There are some categories mentioned by Griffe, namely in classroom atmosphere, cultural input, text and student interest. They are as follows; 1. Songs create enjoyable classroom atmosphere Dealing with classroom atmosphere, songs and music can be used to make st udents relaxed and provide enjoyable classroom conditions. 2. They can introduce the culture of the songs. Either songs or music is reflection of the time and place that produce them. When the teacher brings songs into classroom, he will also bring the culture of the songs in the classroom. 3. Songs can be used as textsSongs also can be used as texts in the same way that a poem, short story or novel provided in the language classroom. From explanation above, songs have many benefits. Some of them are songs can motivate the students and make them more confident in their ability to listen the materials. The Criteria of Song Selection The important thing about choosing a song to do with a class is to make sure that the lyrics are clear. It can be very frustrating for the students not to understand a word. The recording should also be a good one. Lynch (2008), provides three principal song selection criteria, as follows: 1.Use songs that are popular with the students whenever possible. Unfortunately, students frequently select songs for classroom use which are objectionable in some way making the song unusable. 2. Songs must have clear and understandable lyrics. Nothing is worse than a song almost nobody can understand. If you have trouble understanding the lyrics by listening, then another song needs to be selected. 3. Songs should have an appropriate theme. There’s enough bad news, negativity and violence in the world already. Songs with any type of negative theme should be avoided. There are plenty of positive, upbeat, even humorous songs available.It is realized when teaching the students; we should choose the songs with suitable level of difficulty. The suitability of the song is a particularly important issue. It should be known whether or not the students like the song. The use of Singing Procedure There are various ways of using songs in the classroom. The level of the students, the interests and the age of the learners, the grammar point to be stud ied, and the song itself have determinant roles on the procedure. Apart from them, it mainly depends on the creativity of the teacher. Some examples of these techniques are: 1. Gap fills or close texts . Focus questions 3. True-false statements 4. Put the lines into the correct sequence 5. Dictation 6. Add a final verse 7. Circle the antonyms/synonyms of the given words 8. Discuss Many experienced textbook and methodology manual writers argue that songs have a great educational value. It can’t be denied that children, teenagers, and adults like music. While they are singing it, they are also doing other activities like learning, remembering new vocabulary, studying to pronounce words, etc. So, let’s try to learn English by using song and get the result! BIBLIOGRAPHY: Griffe, Dale T. 1992. Songs in Action.UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd. Lynch, Larry M. (2008). Using Popular Songs to Improve Language Listening Comprehension Skills. http://esl4free. blogspot. com/200 8/02/can-music-improve-your-students. htm†¦. Orlova, Natalia F. (March 2003). Helping Prospective EFL Teachers Learn How to Use Songs in Teaching Conversation Classes. The Internet TESL Journal. http://iteslj. org/Technoques/Orlova-Songs. html Ditulis oleh: Kristin Rahayu, S,Pd Guru Bahasa Inggris di SMK TKM Teknik Purworejo Jalan Ahmad Yani No 8 Purworejo 54111 No HP: 085725038093 email: rahayu. [email  protected] com

Analysis of ‘The Truman’s Show’ in search of reality Essay

The film, The Truman Show, is a fiction movie that has been created to help the human search for reality in what apparently seems real. It shows that many times, people are absorbed in an unreal environment thinking that they are indeed in the reality. Media is to blame for making false impressions of the environment. The film depicts Truman as a person who has been entangled in a false environment and is trying hard to discover the truth. In other words, this film is intended to bring to the attention the many times that we get absorbed in situations that we cannot derive any real meaning. It challenges people to wake up and search for the true meaning and not become captives of falsehood. The film depicts Truman Burbank as a person who is born in a fake world. The environment that surrounds him is that of actors. It is in a big dome decked enclosure that is fitted with high-tech simulations of the sky and the sun. The wind and rain are also simulated. They are under the control of the director of the show. Apparently, Truman does not realize that he is in a simulated world initially. Moreover, he has no idea that he is in a television studio from which people all over the world can watch him in his normal behavior as he carries on with his normal activities. However, all the situations that he finds himself in have been staged and, therefore, lack a true meaning in the real world. However, with time Truman realizes that he is in a simulated environment. He is made to discover the false surrounds he is in by the help of Sylvia, who was intended to be his wife in the artificial world. He comes to know that staged events and scenes fill his life. He then begins to plan a way of escaping to the real world. He tries all means to escape but does not succeed immediately. That is because of two major barriers. One barrier is that he has been made a victim of fear by the director of the show has he controls his world. He has been made to fear travelling by water because his father had supposedly died while fishing. Truman is informed that travelling by water was dangerous at the time, and it was safer to stay at home. Secondly, obstacles have been placed in his way such that he cannot escape easily. He is unable to arrange for flights. Traffic jams that are also staged hinder him from travelling. Therefore, he does not manage to escape easily at first. Later on, Truman devices a way to escape and finally manages to escape to the real world. The first step in his escape is that he manages to overcome his fear. He sails in the water despite the many attempts by the director to enclose him from attempting such a move. Truman discovers a door marked â€Å"Exit† and he manages to escape completely to the real world. The escape is praised by the audience as an act of courage and triumphant. He meets with Sylvia, and they reunite. That marks the end of the artificial world created on falsehood and a new beginning in the world of reality. The Truman Show has significance in ordinary lives. It depicts how people live under the false beliefs painted by the media. Truman’s discovery that he had been living in the fallacy can be compared to how people realize that media creates only illusions that do not depict the reality. However, just as Truman was unable to get out of the fake world easily, people are reluctant to break away from the false impressions created by the media. Moreover, Truman had been absorbed into the fake world just as many people find themselves hooked by the illusions created in the media. Truman is a character used to show how people get absorbed into the fake world that is created by the media. Usually, people do not notice the impact of the illusions that they absorb have on their lives. Many live in a fantasy. However, later on, they realize how impractical the life created by the media is as compared to the real world. As such, some try to find a way out of the bondage with the media. While some of them succeed in getting out, others remain as slaves of the media. Media critics act to sensitize people on the negative side of the media just like Sylvia helped Truman to discover that he was leaving in a fake world. The film, The Truman Show, is a fiction movie that has been created to help the human search for reality in what apparently seems real. It shows that many times, people are absorbed in an unreal environment thinking that they are indeed in the reality. Media is to blame for making false impressions of the environment. The film depicts Truman as a person who has been entangled in a false environment and is trying hard to discover the truth. In other words, this film is intended to bring to the attention the many times that we get absorbed in situations that we cannot derive any real meaning. It challenges people to wake up and search for the true meaning and not become captives of falsehood. The film depicts Truman Burbank as a person who is born in a fake world. The environment that surrounds him is that of actors. It is in a big dome decked enclosure that is fitted with high-tech simulations of the sky and the sun. The wind and rain are also simulated. They are under the control of the director of the show. Apparently, Truman does not realize that he is in a simulated world initially. Moreover, he has no idea that he is in a television studio from which people all over the world can watch him in his normal behavior as he carries on with his normal activities. However, all the situations that he finds himself in have been staged and, therefore, lack a true meaning in the real world. However, with time Truman realizes that he is in a simulated environment. He is made to discover the false surrounds he is in by the help of Sylvia, who was intended to be his wife in the artificial world. He comes to know that staged events and scenes fill his life. He then begins to plan a way of escaping to the real world. He tries all means to escape but does not succeed immediately. That is because of two major barriers. One barrier is that he has been made a victim of fear by the director of the show has he controls his world. He has been made to fear travelling by water because his father had supposedly died while fishing. Truman is informed that travelling by water was dangerous at the time, and it was safer to stay at home. Secondly, obstacles have been placed in his way such that he cannot escape easily. He is unable to arrange for flights. Traffic jams that are also staged hinder him from travelling. Therefore, he does not manage to escape easily at first. Later on, Truman devices a way to escape and finally manages to escape to the real world. The first step in his escape is that he manages to overcome his fear. He sails in the water despite the many attempts by the director to enclose him from attempting such a move. Truman discovers a door marked â€Å"Exit† and he manages to escape completely to the real world. The escape is praised by the audience as an act of courage and triumphant. He meets with Sylvia, and they reunite. That marks the end of the artificial world created on falsehood and a new beginning in the world of reality. The Truman Show has significance in ordinary lives. It depicts how people live under the false beliefs painted by the media. Truman’s discovery that he had been living in the fallacy can be compared to how people realize that media creates only illusions that do not depict the reality. However, just as Truman was unable to get out of the fake world easily, people are reluctant to break away from the false impressions created by the media. Moreover, Truman had been absorbed into the fake world just as many people find themselves hooked by the illusions created in the media. Truman is a character used to show how people get absorbed into the fake world that is created by the media. Usually, people do not notice the impact of the illusions that they absorb have on their lives. Many live in a fantasy. However, later on, they realize how impractical the life created by the media is as compared to the real world. As such, some try to find a way out of the bondage with the media. While some of them succeed in getting out, others remain as slaves of the media. Media critics act to sensitize people on the negative side of the media just like Sylvia helped Truman to discover that he was leaving in a fake world. Reference The Truman Show (1998). Directed by Peter Weir. 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Augusta and Ncwo Essay

This report analyses the case study about â€Å"Augusta National Golf Club and NCWO battle for admitting female membership†. Mainly, this report will examine and identify the communication traits and flaws that can be found in this case study and will provide solutions and what should be done rather than taking a stand on who is right and wrong. Therefore, all the communications between Augusta’s Chairman, Mr. Johnson, NCWO’s Chairwoman, Ms. Burk, the CEOs of Sponsor companies, the Augusta members and the media were researched and studied. Furthermore, this report mainly uses secondary data such as newspaper articles and journals to support the arguments and ideas. Moreover, the core purposes of this report is to evaluate the interactions and point out some communication management factors and flaws from this dispute, set it as an example and provide solutions to be improved in the future business communication. Main body Augusta, the private golf club Augusta is the private golf club which its culture and membership are mainly reflected on its prestige and exclusiveness. Moreover, members of Augusta join the club to satisfy mutual interests and to fulfil the social needs and the need for self-esteem such as being a part of the highly regarded golf club in the country. Because it is a private club, it holds its legal rights to choose its own members. (Peraino, 2002). Furthermore, the club clearly specified the club (team) norms (obligation, preference and prohibition) such as â€Å"members are required to sign an agreement not to speak about the club† and have to withhold the membership information to the outsiders. Saporito). Therefore, Augusta organizational control can be identified as a bureaucratic control system where the Chairman, Mr. Johnson has the ultimate power to dominate the club’s affairs. NCWO On the other hand, the NCWO’s sole purpose is to promote women rights and members join the committee to achieve security and satisfy their mutual interests. As you can see from the case, Ms. Burk, the chair of NCWO usually do the decision making for the committee. Although the decision making criteria are not formally discussed in the case or in the media (newspaper articles), we can assume that NCWO lacks the rational decision making process in groups such as orientation, discussion, decision making and implementation. Also, in his article Munching (2002) states that â€Å"she (Burk) forgot to ask herself one question: What women want to do? † which clarify the lack of communication between members of the group and its chair. The dispute The offensive approach and the vulgar feedback It can be seen in the case that without deeply analysing the situation, Ms. Burk took an offensive approach demanding and insisting on female membership, base mainly on the speech about â€Å"inclusion of women in Augusta† by Mr. Lloyd Ward. Moreover, Augusta’s Chair, Mr. Johnson also gave a vulgar feedback to this demand which sparks into a dispute of gender issue. Moreover, negative impressions between them were formed on limited information and stereotyping where Burk is seems as the trouble maker and Johnson as the rigid discriminator. Therefore, this miscommunication and poor transaction of messages led to unnecessary conflicts and egotism of the two corresponding Chairs. The Sponsors, members and Burk When the direct demand fails, Burk took the indirect persuasion and argumentation approach through the Augusta’s sponsors for its prime event, the Masters. She appealed to CEOs of sponsor companies like Citigroup, IBM, Coca-cola, Cadillac and CBS using generalisation and cause-effect relationship methods of arguments to boycott the Masters. For example, she praised their stance in gender discrimination within their firm and point out the possible public opinion in the involvement with the Masters. However, only Citigroup and Coca-cola agreed to help her and these decisions can be seen as corporate social responsibility to raise their public images. On the other hand, others remain neutral to avoid uncertainties involving in the dispute. Moreover, she turns to persuade the members of Augusta, who are highly regarded CEOs of the corporate world. However, with them she used the illegitimate methods of arguments such as appeal to the masses and â€Å"ad hominem† whereby she threatens them and their organization by claiming to reveal the membership list and the â€Å"daily anecdotes of gender discriminations in their (members’) companies†. (2005). For instance, it is noted in Peraino’s (2002) article that â€Å"she told Newsweek that â€Å"We’ve already done quite a bit on the public-embarrassment front†Ã¢â‚¬ . In addition, she even tried to convince Tiger Wood not to participate in the Masters but he too was â€Å"criticized for suggesting that Augusta has a right to its exclusionary policies† (Gutner, 2002). Therefore, one can clearly see from the case study that Burk used many deductive logics and generalisations in influencing and communicating with the sponsors, the members and the players. Burk and Johnson From the start, Mr. Johnson strongly showed his assertiveness as well as his aggressiveness for his club and its membership rules. However, one can recognize the cognitive dissonances from Mr. Johnson’s feedbacks and replies where he imposed denials and unwillingness to change the traditional rules and culture. Moreover, this effect can also be found in Saporito’s article, as â€Å"he booted the Masters’ sponsors–Citigroup, Coca-Cola and IBM–so the companies wouldn’t face criticism by association† and adopted the commercial free move. In addition, Johnson and Burk took hold of some perceptual biases against each other and some of these are selective perception where both of them ignored each other’s rational reasons. Furthermore, stereotyping can clearly be seen between them where they posed each other as threats and arch enemies. Conclusion and results In conclusion, one can identify more communication flaws than the benefits in his case. This is mainly because the poor usage of appropriate communication features and the channels used to communicate, for example, Burk main communication channel with her advocates and opponents is through letters. Moreover, narcissism and egotism also got involved later in the dispute where both of the Chairs started to address and confront each other comments and feedback harshly rather than solving the dispute. (Munching, 2002). As a result, Johnson acquired victory by reasoning through generalization and analogy among private clubs and sororities claiming its legal rights to choose its own members. The dispute between Mr. Johnson (Augusta Golf Club) and Ms. Burk (NCWO) is very phenomenal in indicating miscommunications between two unfriendly organizations. As for the recommendations for this case, since the start, both parties should use more subtle and civil approaches to address the problem to each other and discuss in person how to compromise the situation. For example, Shiflett (2003) implies in his article that Augusta never meant to discriminate and it is only following its highly constructed social role as an all male-club. Moreover, they should utilize more â€Å"lateral thinking†, avoid what is right and wrong and conclude to the best possible solution. In addition, Burk should change her persuasion techniques towards more â€Å"features-benefits mix† and should drop her deductive logic on women rights and organizations. Furthermore, both of them should leave out their egotisms and stereotypical perceptions when dealing with the gender issue. On the other hand, while confronting with the members she should shows cause-effect relationships of their inaction and argues upon their specific reasoning. Munching, 2002). As for Mr. Johnson reactions, he should be more aware on the public images of the club and its members. Moreover, Augusta’s individual orientation of culture should swap with a more collective one where all stakeholders can give out their opinions. Last but not least, the channels used for communication in this case should be changed into more personal and face to face l ike personal meetings or through telephone. This was even suggested by Tiger Wood that â€Å"they’d sit down together and all would be resolved†. (Munching, 2002).

Faculty empowerment and the changing university environment Research Paper - 1

Faculty empowerment and the changing university environment - Research Paper Example As per traditional system of teaching, the duty of the teacher confined to the teaching process alone. However, the responsibilities of the current teachers are much more than teaching alone. Current teachers are perceived as leaders rather than mere teachers. Current teachers guide the students towards the target by adopting different strategies. Since the students have different abilities, it is difficult for the teachers to use a standardized way of teaching. The teacher should change his/her strategies based on the requirement of each students. In other words, current teaching strategies are student centered rather than teacher centered. Most of the teachers are unaware of these changes happening in the academic world and empowerment is the only way to educate teachers about their changing roles in the schools and colleges. â€Å"Educational leaders must evolve to meet the needs of both students and faculty because, faculty members struggle with changing curricula, non-tradition al learning environments and new technology. They need their leaders to assist them with the transitions† (Arenas et al, 2009). Science and technology have developed a lot over the last few decades and the effects of these developments can be witnessed everywhere. Educational sector is one area which undergone drastic changes as a result of the advancements in science and technology.

Boundary-Less Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Boundary-Less Company - Case Study Example The application of change management in the company can lead to resistance to employees. Motivation is an important factor that can encourage and influence employees to be efficient and enthusiastic. Some of the staffs that are working at Siemens thrive on responding to challenges and prosper on the problem-solving part. The employees of the company feel valued and believe that they are provided opportunity and motivation to be imaginative. An extraordinary level of performance culture can exist in the organization when every member value contribution of each other and share the same vision and trust. According to Klaus Kleinfeld, CEO of Siemens, the overall operations of Siemens is based on high-performance team culture. Moreover, Kleinfeld also believes that the valuable resource of the company is the quality of teams and people who are rightly involved in the part of success. The success of the business is dependent upon the performance of the total organization, teams, and each individual. The performance and productivity of the organization can be dependent upon leadership style and application of effective leadership strategy. This prime purpose of the paper is to provide a vivid explanation of the performance-based working culture of Siemens. The study of social administrations and organizations such as bureaucracies and businesses is known as the organizational theory. Moreover, it is also studying interrelationship with the background of operation. Furthermore, it also complements the study of organizational behavior, leadership, industrial psychology, human resource studies, and management. The application of organizational theory can create a huge influence on the complete performance of any organization. The role of management is to make resources productive by managing managers, workers, and business.

SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF JOB SATISFACTION Essay

SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF JOB SATISFACTION - Essay Example A relatively trend in these studies and literature works however is that not much has been studied into finding factors that bring about job satisfaction, but the gutters have been jumped into discussing the impact of job satisfaction on growth and development. In this essay therefore, the existing gap is closed by critically outlining key factors that must be put in place within various types of organisations to ensure that there is job satisfaction (Yi and Gong, 2008). This is done from the perspective of four individuals, whose stories are used as a case study. Job Design and Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a very qualitative and subjective labour principle, as different people seek different opportunities and factors within their work structure to make them satisfied (Yoo, 2002). But as varying and different as job satisfaction may be to different people, one fact remains that job satisfaction comes from within the job that one does and this is where characteristics of the j ob comes to play. Depending on the characteristics of a given job, employees may be more comfortable working in the premise of that job. Yoo (2002) identified two of these characteristics as autonomy and variety, all of which are exhibited in the stories of the successful people presented. Yoo (2002) was however quick to add that there is always the need to ensure that the job characteristics that prevails is defined by the job design in place for workers. These job designs include are nature of job, employee engagement, and business success. Wofford and Liska (2003) has explained that one crucial characteristic of job is variety. By this, meaning is given to the need for the workplace to present the employee with non-static but differential task scope that ensures that employees always have something new to explore at the workplace. This means that the variety of job that a person does go a long way to determine and influence the level of job satisfaction that will be recorded. Cle arly, each of these people works in top enviable organizations that have many different departments and units that offer variety and challenge to exploring new opportunities for every up and coming young executive. As stated by Clark, there are numerous people looking for the kind of job that he does. The same can be said for Kurtz and Bishop, whose jobs take them to various places of the world and makes them enjoy the luxury of travelling from one airplane to the other. Clearly, when the characteristic of the job of a person puts him or her in such a position where there is internal satisfaction as to the variety of work that is done, such person is likely to gain job satisfaction. What is more, there are very high levels of autonomy for each of these workers. The question of ‘when and how tasks are done’ have been said to be very instrumental in job design (Ramsey and Sohi, 1997). Generally, autonomy comes to play when employees are given sufficient room to operate an d manipulate the movement and direction of their jobs (Netemeyer et al, 2007). Once this is done job satisfaction can be said to be guaranteed because it makes employees feel useful of themselves and evidentially become intrinsically motivated. Meanwhile, for all four individual read about, even though they are not the owners of the business they work for, they have very high levels of autonomy and are instrumental in the way and manner the businesses should move. A typical example of this is Clark who has the pleasure of promoting MTV all across the globe. Finally, as recommended by Yoo (2002), there is evidence from the story that the characteristics of job in place have been directly linked with job design. It would be noted that job